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CFT II > Exam 1 - Stress Related Behaviors > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Stress Related Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main types of stressors?

A

physiological & psychological

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2
Q

what are some examples of physiological stressors?

A

pain, hunger, thirst, chronic illness, sleep deprivation, & extreme temperatures

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3
Q

what are some examples of psychological stressors?

A

unpredictable environments, frustrating situations, exposure to novelty. social conflict, & fear provoking stimuli (previously learned - vet clinics)

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4
Q

what are some factors that cause individual variation on stressors?

A

genetics, temperament, experience, environment, & learning

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5
Q

what are some examples of how stress is expressed as medical problems?

A

immune suppression, gi upsets, & feline interstitial cystitis

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6
Q

what are some examples of how stress is expressed as behavioral problems?

A

anxieties, fears, & phobias

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7
Q

what is the most common conspecific factors of stress-related behaviors?

A

social stresses - especially the protection of a highly favored prize

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8
Q

what is an example of stress behavior in regards to predators?

A

cat cowering when something is above them - mimics natural predator

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9
Q

what are some natural dangers causing stress-related behavior in regards to the environment?

A

unpredictable occurrences especially with rapid movement, things out of place

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10
Q

T/F: it was found in racing greyhounds that entered an animal hospital, their blood pressure raised by 30 points

what is this an example of?

A

true

environmental factor

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11
Q

what is an example of genetic influence in stress-related behavior?

A

nervous pointers - 20 years of inbreeding for ‘nervous’ traits

hyperstartle, decreased exploration, & immobility in proximity to people

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12
Q

large sized animals are associated with __________ ________, small sized animals are genetically connected to several types of problems, & working dogs are associated with _______ & ________-________ _________

A

increased trainability

energy & separation-related problems

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13
Q

T/F: genetic influences can override environment & training

A

true

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14
Q

what are epigenetic effects?

A

alter genetic expressions of stress in offspring brains for many generations

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15
Q

what is an example of prenatal effects of maternal stress on offspring?

A

affects the HPAA axis of the offspring resulting in mood disorders such as - reactivity, hyperactivity, & attention disorders

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16
Q

what is anxiety defined as?

A

feeling of apprehension due to the anticipation of some unidentified threat or danger based on previous experience

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17
Q

what are some examples of psychogenic grooming?

A

psychogenic alopecia, acral lick dermatitis, & self-mutilation

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18
Q

what are some examples of self-directed behaviors related to anxiety?

A

psychogenic grooming, psychogenic vomiting, psychogenic diarrhea, psychogenic drinking, & flank sucking

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19
Q

what are some examples of different expressions of anxiety?

A

attention-seeking (velcro dogs), confinement anxiety/barrier frustration, self-directed behaviors, OCD, generalized anxiety disorder, & separation anxiety

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20
Q

what are the general treatment recommendations for anxiety?

A

rule out medical causes & have a neutral interruption of inappropriate behavior (head collars, auditory stimulus, not dependent on attention)

environmental management

counterconditioning

dietary management/pheromones

drug therapy

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21
Q

how can environmental management be used for treating anxiety?

A

avoid stressors, have a rigid schedule, & increased exercise

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22
Q

what is an example of using counterconditioning for treating anxiety?

A

happy vet clinic visits

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23
Q

when may drug therapy be used for treating anxiety?

A

there is mild/infrequent exposure to the trigger, you are unable to control the stimuli, & acute vs. chronic anxiety

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24
Q

how is fear defined in regards to stress-related behavior?

A

feeling of apprehension resulting from the nearness of an object or situation

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25
Q

how is a phobia defined in regards to stress-related behavior?

A

a fear that is excessive & out of proportion to the actual threat

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26
Q

how is fear developed in animals?

A

2 step process

threat happens/noticed by the senses - threat response/survival mode with related events stored in memory (~20% develop generalized fear memory)

subconscious memories lead to avoidance behavior that is self-reinforcing (internal & external cues)

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27
Q

what behaviors are seen with avoidance behavior as an expression of fears/phobias?

A

animal flees or hides

28
Q

what behaviors are seen with confrontation behavior as an expression of fears/phobias?

A

submission, conflicting behavior, & aggression

29
Q

what behaviors are seen with freezing behavior as an expression of fears/phobias?

A

animal looks uncomfortable but usually will let work continue

30
Q

why is it important to consider behavior as a veterinarian in a vet clinic?

A

many dogs are fearful on exam tables/won’t enter the practice calmly making the owners lose trust in the vet

31
Q

T/F: phobias are primarily seen in cats

A

false - seen in dogs

32
Q

how is dissociating a trigger used as a treatment for fears/phobias?

A

avoid the exposure at expected times & recreate triggers at unassociated times

33
Q

how is neutral interruption of inappropriate behavior used as a treatment for fears/phobias?

A

don’t reward fear with attention, head collars, & auditory stimulus

34
Q

how is desensitization used as a treatment for fears/phobias?

A

present the stimulus at a low level (lower volume, longer distance, shorter duration) & allow the animal to habituate to the stimulus

gradually increase the level of stimulation

work on only one stimulus at a time!!!

35
Q

how is counterconditioning used as a treatment for fears/phobias?

A

change the association with the triggering stimulus or pair the trigger with something pleasant (food, play, positive training)

36
Q

when is drug therapy useful for treating fears/phobias?

A

useful for predictable, short-term situations & generalized fears & phobias

drug therapy increases success rate by 20% with diet change but alone may not be helpful

37
Q

what affects the prognosis of fears/phobias?

A

client compliance!!!!

severity & duration of symptoms - many are difficult to treat & a cure is unlikely, so control of the problem is the goal

38
Q

what are the pitfalls of therapy for treating fears/phobias?

A

incorrectly identifying triggers, inability to recreate the triggers, inadequate management, relying solely on drug therapy, & rushing desensitization/counterconditioning

39
Q

what is the number one fear of sharp noise in dogs?

A

fireworks - severity can range from mild shaking to severe destruction

40
Q

how is fear of sharp noise treated in regards to fireworks?

A

minimize the noise & provide item of strong owner smell

41
Q

what is the number two cause of fear of sharp noise in dogs? what is it related to?

A

thunderstorms

thunder, lightening, rain, wind

42
Q

how is thunderstorm fear treated?

A

modify the environment - white noise or teach the animal to go to a safe spot

countercondition - high value food treats & play

desensitization & counterconditioning are key - identify all stimuli & grade severity of response

introduce one stimulus at a time staying below threshold, play continuous, gradually increasing volume, & have numerous sessions where the volume is gradually increased during each one - must reinforce periodically!!!! storms are sporadic & can interfere with training

43
Q

what treatment can be used for severe cases of thunderstorm fear?

A

desensitization/counterconditioning & equipment - thundershirt, etc

drug therapy!!! alprazolam, trazodone, sileo

44
Q

why should you not use acepromazine alone in treating severe cases of thunderstorm fear?

A

it doesn’t shut their mind off - they are still very anxious but are unable to react

45
Q

when do we see problems occur with confinement anxiety?

A

when the dog is confined in a crate, room, car

46
Q

what are some differentials for confinement anxiety?

A

boredom, destructive chewing/teething, digging, excessive vocalization, house soiling, medical problems, & separation anxiety

47
Q

how is confinement anxiety treated?

A

look to see if confinement is actually necessary - use desensitization & counterconditioning in both mild & more intense cases

more intense - different crate, different location, re-crate train - put a scent cloth & high value food treat in the carrier

48
Q

what are some influencing factors of separation anxiety?

A

affected individual is more likely to:

come from a shelter, have been a stray, have been rehomed, have a noise phobia, show hyperattachment to a human (needy personality & velcro dogs), & show aggression (territorial, fear induced, or status related)

49
Q

when do we see older dogs develop separation anxiety?

A

often follows a major change - outside job or major illness

50
Q

when do clinical signs of separation anxiety appear?

A

within 5-30 minutes of you leaving - may have anticipatory signs

51
Q

what are some differentials for separation anxiety?

A

confinement anxiety - dog does fine when not confined/dog is fine when owner is gone (not separation anxiety)

boredom, medical problems, etc

video recording is helpful because often the degree of the problem is under appreciated

52
Q

what are some common presenting signs of separation anxiety in dogs?

A

aggression at departure, destructive chewing, diarrhea, excessive licking/salivation/vocalization, self-mutilation, house soiling

53
Q

how do you avoid rewarding the behavior seen with separation anxiety?

A

distract the dog prior to returning home

avoid emotional coming/going

don’t continue the previous routine when leaving - use maintenance while treatment protocol is worked on (doggie day care, house sitter, take the dog to work, etc)

54
Q

what has been shown to be the key to success for treating separation anxiety?

A

behavior modification

55
Q

how is behavior modification used to treat separation anxiety?

A

use independence training - safe cue before departure with word/action/cue & give a prized toy/treat only during practice sessions

56
Q

how is a baby gate used for treating separation anxiety?

A

use it as a safe space - give the animal the cue & step out of view of the baby gate & come right back gradually increasing the amount of time out of site

57
Q

how is a safe location established for treating a dog with separation anxiety?

A

condition the dog to the cue & location that is safe for them - security blanket, closet, crate (if not afraid)

owner first remains seated at dog’s side, stand up/sit down, stand up 1 step forward, sit down, etc gradually working out of the room

58
Q

T/F: young, newly homed dogs will usually outgrow separation anxiety

A

true - use independence training with gradual departures

important to establish a schedule of interactions

use a lot of positive reinforcement

59
Q

T/F: when utilizing independence training for a dog with separation anxiety, it is okay if the animal becomes anxious or seeks the owner during training

A

false - don’t let this happen

don’t rush the steps

60
Q

what are some examples of departure cues you may have to desensitize a dog with separation anxiety to?

A

car keys, going to the front door, taking a shower, picking up a bag

61
Q

what medications are commonly used for dogs with separation anxiety?

A

SSRIs, TCAs, & general anxiety medications

62
Q

what is the prognosis for dogs with separation anxiety?

A

guarded - severe cases may relapse

overall improvement rate is 62-84%

if not treated - will remain the same or will get worse

63
Q

what are some reasons why a dog with severe separation anxiety may relapse?

A

long separations or abrupt changes in the household such as new introductions or illness/death

64
Q

what are some examples of equipment that can be used for treating dogs with separation anxiety?

A

calmer canine - pulsed electro-magnetic field

thundershirt

65
Q

what is the difference between anxieties, fears, & phobias?

A

anxiety - feeling of apprehension due to the anticipation of some unidentified threat or danger based on previous experience (velcro dogs, confinement anxiety)

fears - feeling of apprehension resulting from the nearness of an object or situation (dog at the vet scared of being moved to the scale)

phobias - fear that is excessive & out of proportion to the actual threat

CFT II (28 decks)

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