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Histology > Exam 1: Special Techniques > Flashcards

Exam 1: Special Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Electron microscopy (EM)

A

Higher resolution than light microscopy

Requires specialized equipment and technical expertise

Very expensive

Different fixatives –> Glutaraldehyde
•Short life span, must be in fridge

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2
Q

Types of EM

A

Transmission EM

Scanning EM

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3
Q

Transmission EM

A

2D image - looks flat

Electrons go through stuff
Used to see details of cell/organism

Can see nuclear membrane, granules, etc.

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4
Q

Scanning EM

A

3D image

Electrons bounce off

Used to see structure
•like spherical cells

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5
Q

Target detection

A

Looking for specific things in cells

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6
Q

Types of target detection

A

Antibody - detect proteins
•ihc

Probe/primer - detect DNA/RNA
•ish

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7
Q

Immunohistochemistry (ihc)

A

Affinity of antibodies for specific antigens (proteins)

Ab-Ag bond (specific)
•both are proteins
•Ab - immune response

Identification - cell type, tissue/cell component, pathogens

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8
Q

ihc - where do antibodies come from

A

Immune system
•Rodents and Rabbits
•Goats/Horses

Immortal cells (myeloma)
•Cell cultures
•Myeloma - tumor of antibody producing cells

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9
Q

ihc - polyclonal and monoclonal

A

Polyclonal - antibodies to multiple epitopes

Monoclonal - antibodies to a single specific epitope

Epitope - part of protein that antibody attaches to

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10
Q

ihc - direct and indirect

A

Direct ihc - primary (and only) antibody is tagged

Indirect ihc - Secondary antibody (targeting primary antibody) is tagged
•Secondary antibody attaches to primary and gives the ability to see primary antibody

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11
Q

Nucleic acid detection: PCR

A

Primer/Probe
•Matching DNA sequence to DNA or RNA
•Double each cycle

PCR - amplify DNA to get bigger sample size

Need probe specific to the DNA sequence

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12
Q

PCR types

A

Conventional - gel

Fluoresce

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13
Q

Gel PCR

A

Semi-quantitative
Must for sequencing
Can only look at it at the end

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14
Q

Fluoresce PCR

A

Quantitative
Standard: ‘known’
Attach fluorescent probe
Can look at it at every cycle

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15
Q

In situ hybridization, ish

A

Split DNA with temperature, apply probe/color, if DNA present will see color

Can be used for anything that has DNA
Can make probe for mRNA to find products being produced in specific cells

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16
Q

IHC vs ISH

A

ISH is more specific than IHC because ISH will only detect the DNA you are looking for

17
Q

Blepharitis Conjunctivitis

A

Affects house finches

Caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Use IHC to see the mycoplasma as dark brown area

18
Q

Mycoplasmosis

A

Smallest self replicating prokaryote

Sunny side up egg colony

19
Q

House finch and spread of mycoplamsosis

A

East and west populations

Birds brought to east - colony came from a few birds - not a lot of genetic variation –> started seeing conjunctivitis a lot

Western population not affected as much - more genetic variation

20
Q

Cytology

A

Dry and stain, fixing optional

Impression smears, FNA, cyto spins

Don’t have structure of tissue

21
Q

Cell biology history

A

Robert Hooke - term “cell”

Schwan and Shleiden - “cellular theory”

Virchow - “cellular pathology”

22
Q

What makes you alive (9 things)

A 
Irritability
Conductibility
Contractibility
Absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Assimilation
Growth
Reproduction
23
Q

Irritability

A

Ability to detect and respond to a stimulus

Cell type - neutrophil

24
Q

Conductibility

A

Ability to conduct a stimulus

Cell type - neuron

25
Q

Contractibility

A

Ability to change shape

Cell type - muscle cell

26
Q

Absorption

A

Ability to introduce materials into the cell

May be through phagocytosis (solids) or pinocytosis (liquids)

27
Q

Secretion

A

Release of useful products

Cell type - goblet cell

28
Q

Excretion

A

Release of waste

29
Q

Assimilation

A

Construction of new cellular elements

30
Q

Growth

A

Increase in cellular mass keeping the nuclear-cytoplasm ratio

31
Q

Reproduction

A

Produce a daughter cell while transferring genetic material

Cell type - ova, sperm

Histology (8 decks)

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