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Histology > Exam 1: Cytology and Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cytology and Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

Medium inside limits of cells

Where organelles are located

Cytoplasm - everything within a cell –> cytosol + organelles

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3
Q

Plasma membrane - limits

A

Cells
•exomembrane

Organelles and nucleus
•endomembrane

Mitochondrial core
•internal (mitochondrial) membrane

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4
Q

Plasma membrane - chemistry

A

Proteins - structural or involved in signaling, transportation

Lipids - mainly phospholipids and others (cholesterol)

Hydrocarbons - mainly and proteins (surface glycoproteins)

Glycolipids, glycoproteins, etc.

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5
Q

Plasma membrane - fluid mosaic

A

J. Singer and G. Nicolson

Gives membrane fluid character

Several types of molecules that are constantly moving

Movement helps membrane maintain role as barrier for cell

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6
Q

Plasma membrane - microvilli

A

Apical border, brush border

Extends and increases surface area of membrane to increase absorption

Ex - small intestine mucosal cells

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7
Q

Plasma membrane - glycocalyx

A

Helps with cell recognition

Keeping cells from sticking to lumen

Ex - endothelium

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8
Q

Plasma membrane - intermembranous junctions

A

Places where two cells attach very firmly or loosely to each other

Ex - epidermal cell desmosomes
•Desmosomes have tight junctions

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Important for energy production - “engine” of the cell

Autonomous division (fission) - can replicate on own

Absent in prokaryote cells (no nucleus)

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10
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Outer smooth membrane

Matrix
•Fluid in the mitochondria
•Krebs cycle takes place in matrix

Inner rough membrane - crests
•Globular units - crests
•Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in crests

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11
Q

Mitochondria functions (3)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
•ADP to ATP
•Takes place in crests

Respiratory chain
•Takes place in crests

Krebs cycle
•Takes place in matrix

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

In cytosol

Surface covered with ribosomes

Forms nuclear membrane

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribonucleic acid + protein

Subunits 40s and 60s

Ribosomes on RER produce proteins for export out of cell

Ribosomes in cytosol produce proteins for internal cell use

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14
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Surface lacks ribosomes

Produces enzymes for lipid synthesis and metabolism
•Steroid hormone synthesis
•Glycogen metabolism

Produces fat and sugars

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Connects ER and cell membrane

Stores produce from RER and SER

Produces polysaccharides

Forms zymogen granules and other vesicles to export Golgi, RER, and SER products
•Granules merge with cell membrane
•Contents extruded - exocytosis

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16
Q

Golgi - protein metabolism

A

RER –> Golgi –> Membrane

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17
Q

Golgi - lysosome formation

A

Golgi forms lysosomes

Lysosomes full of enzymes for digestion
•Proteinases, lipases, phosphatases

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18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Can stay in cytosol to protect cell from something by excreting it out

Can stay in cytosol to digest things cell doesn’t need at the moment to be recycled

Numerous in immune system cells - neutrophils, NK cells, etc.

Numerous in renal tubular epithelium

Toluidine blue can be used to mark lysosomes

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton - functions

A

Structure - scaffolding of cell

Transport of materials through cell via microtubules

Movement

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microtubules

A

Tubulin protein

Tubulins are dimers - a and B

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton - centriole

A

Cell reproduction

Mitotic spindle

Base for cilia and flagella
•Centriole forms anchor for cilia and flagella

22
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments

A

Intermediate filaments

Actin, myosin, vimentin, cytokeratin

23
Q

Nucleus - composition

A

Membrane
Chromatin
Nucleolus

24
Q

Nucleus - Functions

A

Regulates protein synthesis

Contains and transfers genome

25
Q

Nucleus - membrane (envelope)

A

Double, formed by specialized portion of RER

Covered with ribosomes

Selective permeability

Disappears during cell division

26
Q

Nucleus - Chromatin

A

DNA + proteins (histones)

Types:
•Euchromatin - dispersed and in use (EC)
•Heterochromatin - condensed, not in constant use (HC)

Cell division, shape change - chromosomes

27
Q

Nucleus - nucleolus

A

Site of assembly for ribosomal RNA
•rRNA + proteins = ribosome

Ribosomes migrate to cytosol through nuclear pores

Nucleolus disappears during parts of cell division

Largest nucleoli present in fast growing cells and reproductive cells

28
Q

Cell cycle

A 
G1
S - DNA replication
G2
M phase - mitosis
G0 - permanent withdrawal from cell cycle to differentiate
29
Q

Cell division - M phase

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

30
Q

Mitosis - prophase

A

Nuclear membrane dissolves

Nucleolus disappears

Chromatin form chromosomes with 2 chromatids

Centrioles duplicate and migrate to poles

Mitotic (microtubule) spindle begins to form

31
Q

Mitosis - metaphase

A

Chromosomes pair up at the center

Mitotic spindle is complete
•Centriole to centriole
•Centriole to kinetochore (in chromosomes)

32
Q

Mitosis - anaphase

A

Centrioles pull on mitotic spindle

Chromosomes split on long axis and migrate to poles

33
Q

Mitosis - telophase

A

Chromosomes are at the poles

Nuclear membrane reforms

Mitotic spindle disappears

Cell splits in two diploid daughter cells

34
Q

Meiosis

A

Gametes

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
35
Q

Meiosis - Prophase I

A

Chromosomes with 2 chromatids - crossover
•Non-sister chromatids exchange segments (chiasma)

Nuclear membrane disappears

Centrioles and spindle form

36
Q

Meiosis - Metaphase I

A

Chromosomes align in center, attached to spindle

Each of a pair attached to only 1 fiber of the spindle

37
Q

Meiosis - Anaphase I

A

Spindles contract

Whole chromosomes (with 2 chromatids) migrate to poles

Each member of a homologous pair goes to a different pole

38
Q

Meiosis - Telophase I

A

Chromosomes at poles

Nuclear membrane begins to form

Mitotic spindle disappears

Cells separate - 2 diploid daughter cells

39
Q

Meiosis - Prophase II

A

Chromosomes condense - haploid (n)

Nuclear membrane disappears

Mitotic spindle forms

40
Q

Meiosis - Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align along the center (equator)

Mitotic spindle is fully formed

Each chromosomes in attached to 2 fibers of the spindle, at the centromere

41
Q

Meiosis - Anaphase II

A

Mitotic spindle retracts

Chromosomes split in half at centromere and migrate to poles

42
Q

Meiosis - Telophase II

A

Nuclear membrane forms, spindle disappears, cells separate

Haploid daughter cells - gametes

43
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Development of gametes

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

44
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Begins with sexual maturity

Undifferentiated epithelium into Sertoli cells - scaffolding and nurturing of sperm cells

Stem cells divide (mitosis) - A and B spermatogonia
•A goes back to mitosis
•B goes through mitosis once then meiosis - does not reenter stem cell replenishing program

45
Q

Spermatogonia B

A
  1. Divide by mitosis
  2. Primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis I
  3. Secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis II
  4. Get spermatids

End of spermatogenesis proper - morphologic changes follow

46
Q

Spermatogenesis - morphologic changes

A

Nucleus condenses in head

Golgi’s acrosomal granules surround nucleus
•Golgi migrates to top and becomes a “helmet” –> acrosome

Centrioles to mid-piece - base of flagellum (tail)

Mitochondria surround centrioles

Cytosol and other organelles removed in residual body

47
Q

Spermatozoa - head

A

Condensed nucleus (haploid)

Acrosome with enzymes
•Hyaluronidase and cathepsin - break through ovum’s corona radiata

48
Q

Spermatozoa - Neck

A

Centrioles - flagellum base
•Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules

Mitochondria - energy providers

49
Q

Spermatozoa - tail

A

9 pairs of microtubules and 1 central pair

50
Q

Oogenesis - in utero

A
  1. Oogonia in ovarian cortex (Diploid)
  2. Oogonia divide by mitosis - some die by autolysis
  3. Oogonia differentiate - 1a oocytes (diploid)
  4. Squamous cell surround 1a oocytes - primordial follicle
  5. 1a oocytes begin division (meiosis I, prophase I)

Then birth

51
Q

Oogenesis - sexual maturity

A
  1. 1a oocyte complete division (meiosis I) –> 2a oocyte
  2. 2a oocyte divides (meiosis II, metaphase II)
  3. Fertilization is needed to complete meiosis II

Histology (8 decks)

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