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Histology > Exam 1: Cytology and Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cytology and Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

Medium inside limits of cells

Where organelles are located

Cytoplasm - everything within a cell –> cytosol + organelles

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3
Q

Plasma membrane - limits

A

Cells
•exomembrane

Organelles and nucleus
•endomembrane

Mitochondrial core
•internal (mitochondrial) membrane

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4
Q

Plasma membrane - chemistry

A

Proteins - structural or involved in signaling, transportation

Lipids - mainly phospholipids and others (cholesterol)

Hydrocarbons - mainly and proteins (surface glycoproteins)

Glycolipids, glycoproteins, etc.

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5
Q

Plasma membrane - fluid mosaic

A

J. Singer and G. Nicolson

Gives membrane fluid character

Several types of molecules that are constantly moving

Movement helps membrane maintain role as barrier for cell

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6
Q

Plasma membrane - microvilli

A

Apical border, brush border

Extends and increases surface area of membrane to increase absorption

Ex - small intestine mucosal cells

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7
Q

Plasma membrane - glycocalyx

A

Helps with cell recognition

Keeping cells from sticking to lumen

Ex - endothelium

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8
Q

Plasma membrane - intermembranous junctions

A

Places where two cells attach very firmly or loosely to each other

Ex - epidermal cell desmosomes
•Desmosomes have tight junctions

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Important for energy production - “engine” of the cell

Autonomous division (fission) - can replicate on own

Absent in prokaryote cells (no nucleus)

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10
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Outer smooth membrane

Matrix
•Fluid in the mitochondria
•Krebs cycle takes place in matrix

Inner rough membrane - crests
•Globular units - crests
•Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in crests

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11
Q

Mitochondria functions (3)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
•ADP to ATP
•Takes place in crests

Respiratory chain
•Takes place in crests

Krebs cycle
•Takes place in matrix

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

In cytosol

Surface covered with ribosomes

Forms nuclear membrane

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribonucleic acid + protein

Subunits 40s and 60s

Ribosomes on RER produce proteins for export out of cell

Ribosomes in cytosol produce proteins for internal cell use

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14
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Surface lacks ribosomes

Produces enzymes for lipid synthesis and metabolism
•Steroid hormone synthesis
•Glycogen metabolism

Produces fat and sugars

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Connects ER and cell membrane

Stores produce from RER and SER

Produces polysaccharides

Forms zymogen granules and other vesicles to export Golgi, RER, and SER products
•Granules merge with cell membrane
•Contents extruded - exocytosis

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16
Q

Golgi - protein metabolism

A

RER –> Golgi –> Membrane

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17
Q

Golgi - lysosome formation

A

Golgi forms lysosomes

Lysosomes full of enzymes for digestion
•Proteinases, lipases, phosphatases

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18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Can stay in cytosol to protect cell from something by excreting it out

Can stay in cytosol to digest things cell doesn’t need at the moment to be recycled

Numerous in immune system cells - neutrophils, NK cells, etc.

Numerous in renal tubular epithelium

Toluidine blue can be used to mark lysosomes

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton - functions

A

Structure - scaffolding of cell

Transport of materials through cell via microtubules

Movement

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microtubules

A

Tubulin protein

Tubulins are dimers - a and B

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton - centriole

A

Cell reproduction

Mitotic spindle

Base for cilia and flagella
•Centriole forms anchor for cilia and flagella

22
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments

A

Intermediate filaments

Actin, myosin, vimentin, cytokeratin

23
Q

Nucleus - composition

A

Membrane
Chromatin
Nucleolus

24
Q

Nucleus - Functions

A

Regulates protein synthesis

Contains and transfers genome

25
Nucleus - membrane (envelope)
Double, formed by specialized portion of RER Covered with ribosomes Selective permeability Disappears during cell division
26
Nucleus - Chromatin
DNA + proteins (histones) Types: •Euchromatin - dispersed and in use (EC) •Heterochromatin - condensed, not in constant use (HC) Cell division, shape change - chromosomes
27
Nucleus - nucleolus
Site of assembly for ribosomal RNA •rRNA + proteins = ribosome Ribosomes migrate to cytosol through nuclear pores Nucleolus disappears during parts of cell division Largest nucleoli present in fast growing cells and reproductive cells
28
Cell cycle
``` G1 S - DNA replication G2 M phase - mitosis G0 - permanent withdrawal from cell cycle to differentiate ```
29
Cell division - M phase
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
30
Mitosis - prophase
Nuclear membrane dissolves Nucleolus disappears Chromatin form chromosomes with 2 chromatids Centrioles duplicate and migrate to poles Mitotic (microtubule) spindle begins to form
31
Mitosis - metaphase
Chromosomes pair up at the center Mitotic spindle is complete •Centriole to centriole •Centriole to kinetochore (in chromosomes)
32
Mitosis - anaphase
Centrioles pull on mitotic spindle Chromosomes split on long axis and migrate to poles
33
Mitosis - telophase
Chromosomes are at the poles Nuclear membrane reforms Mitotic spindle disappears Cell splits in two diploid daughter cells
34
Meiosis
Gametes ``` Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II ```
35
Meiosis - Prophase I
Chromosomes with 2 chromatids - crossover •Non-sister chromatids exchange segments (chiasma) Nuclear membrane disappears Centrioles and spindle form
36
Meiosis - Metaphase I
Chromosomes align in center, attached to spindle Each of a pair attached to only 1 fiber of the spindle
37
Meiosis - Anaphase I
Spindles contract Whole chromosomes (with 2 chromatids) migrate to poles Each member of a homologous pair goes to a different pole
38
Meiosis - Telophase I
Chromosomes at poles Nuclear membrane begins to form Mitotic spindle disappears Cells separate - 2 diploid daughter cells
39
Meiosis - Prophase II
Chromosomes condense - haploid (n) Nuclear membrane disappears Mitotic spindle forms
40
Meiosis - Metaphase II
Chromosomes align along the center (equator) Mitotic spindle is fully formed Each chromosomes in attached to 2 fibers of the spindle, at the centromere
41
Meiosis - Anaphase II
Mitotic spindle retracts Chromosomes split in half at centromere and migrate to poles
42
Meiosis - Telophase II
Nuclear membrane forms, spindle disappears, cells separate Haploid daughter cells - gametes
43
Gametogenesis
Development of gametes Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
44
Spermatogenesis
Begins with sexual maturity Undifferentiated epithelium into Sertoli cells - scaffolding and nurturing of sperm cells Stem cells divide (mitosis) - A and B spermatogonia •A goes back to mitosis •B goes through mitosis once then meiosis - does not reenter stem cell replenishing program
45
Spermatogonia B
1. Divide by mitosis 2. Primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis I 3. Secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis II 4. Get spermatids End of spermatogenesis proper - morphologic changes follow
46
Spermatogenesis - morphologic changes
Nucleus condenses in head Golgi's acrosomal granules surround nucleus •Golgi migrates to top and becomes a "helmet" --> acrosome Centrioles to mid-piece - base of flagellum (tail) Mitochondria surround centrioles Cytosol and other organelles removed in residual body
47
Spermatozoa - head
Condensed nucleus (haploid) Acrosome with enzymes •Hyaluronidase and cathepsin - break through ovum's corona radiata
48
Spermatozoa - Neck
Centrioles - flagellum base •Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules Mitochondria - energy providers
49
Spermatozoa - tail
9 pairs of microtubules and 1 central pair
50
Oogenesis - in utero
1. Oogonia in ovarian cortex (Diploid) 2. Oogonia divide by mitosis - some die by autolysis 3. Oogonia differentiate - 1a oocytes (diploid) 4. Squamous cell surround 1a oocytes - primordial follicle 5. 1a oocytes begin division (meiosis I, prophase I) Then birth
51
Oogenesis - sexual maturity
1. 1a oocyte complete division (meiosis I) --> 2a oocyte 2. 2a oocyte divides (meiosis II, metaphase II) 3. Fertilization is needed to complete meiosis II

Histology (8 decks)

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