Exam 1: Special senses Flashcards
What are the different types of sensory receptors?
Thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
nociceptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
exteroreceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors
What are the different parts of the eye?
fibrous, vascular, inner
Describe the fibrous layer of eye.
avascular
sclera: white part of eye
cornea: allows light in
Describe the vascular layer of eye.
pigment layer (uvea)
choroid: back of eye, connective tissue
ciliary body: focus the lens
iris: color, adjust pupil to light
Describe the inner layer of eye.
where light gets connected
retina: photoreceptors
- outer layer absorbs light
- inner layer sends signals to brain
blind spot: blins spot; optic nerve connects
How does the eye sense color?
cone cells give color
How does the eye sense light?
The cornea lets light in
How does the eye adjust to different amounts of light?
The iris controls diameter of pupil to adjust light
What causes far or nearsightedness?
farsightedness: myopia (focus point in FRONT of retina)
nearsightedness: hyperopia (focus point BEHIND retina)
What is the basis of depth perception?
The eyes view the same image at different angles
What is papillae?
bumps all over the tongue
What are the functions of the different types of papillae?
fungiform: mushroom bumps all over tongue
vallate: like a v in the rear of tongue
foliate: side walls of tongue
What are the 5 different taste and their chemistry?
salty: sodium and potassium ions
sweet: sugars and organic compounds
sour: acids and H ions
bitter: alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine, morphine)
umami: savory, types of meat, amino acids
What receptors do smell and taste use?
chemoreceptors
What are thermoreceptors and where are they found?
activated by spicy foods and found in the tongue
What are the basic steps to smell?
- scent travels into nasal passage
- dissolved in mucus and binds to receptors on olfactory neuron
- activates a signal to depolarize the cell
- olfactory bulb travels through olfactory tracts
How does the ear perceive pitch and loudness?
pitch is determined by frequency
loudness is determined by the amplitude of vibration
What are the three ossicles and what do they do?
stapes: moves sound from the incus to the oval window
incus: sends vibrations to the stapes
malleus: sends sound to the inner ear
Explain the steps of hearing?
- sound waves vibrate through tympanic membrane
- vibrations cause osicles to move
- ossicles push oval window that vibrate fluid
- vibrations travel until they move the hair cells on the basilar membrane
- mechanically gate channels convert vibrations into electrical signal that go to brain
How is equilibrium maintained by the inner ear?
the vestibular system in the inner ear maintains balance
What are photoreceptors?
cone cells (color), rod cells ( dim light)
and fovea centralis (best vision)
What are nociceptors?
pain receptor
What are mechanoreceptors?
detect touch and pressure on the skin
What are exteroreceptors?
respond to things outside the body
What are interoceptors?
respond to things internally
What are proprioceptors?
give info on the position of the body
what is filiform papillae?
most numerous papillae
give texture and sensation of touch on tongue
What is foliate papillae?
folds located on the margin of tongue
What are olfactory cells?
detect smells
What are olfactory hairs?
recieve odor molecules then send to olfactory nerve
What are olfactory bulbs?
recieve info about smell and send to brain
Difference between static and dynamic equillibrium?
static at rest
dynamic moving
What are the utricle and saculle?
two organs in the inner ear
Part of balance and use fluid and hair cells to detect motion
What is the tympanic membrane?
seperates outer from middle ear
What is the spiral organ?
receptor organ for hearing
What are bipolar and ganglion cells?
the shortest and direct path between input and output
What is emmentroptia?
gives sharp focus to objects
What is steroscopic vision?
seeing the world in three dimensions
What is conjuctiva?
mucous membrane that covers the eye
