Exam 1 Review sheet

Question 1

Immunology

Answer 1

The awareness that exposure to an infectious agent results in protection upon re-exposure

Question 2

Haptens

Answer 2

nonimmunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants

Question 3

Innate immunity

Answer 3

The anatomical, cellular, and humoral defenses that function in the early stages of host defense to a foreign substance
ability of the host to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

Question 4

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 4

Remembers prior exposure
Increases response to a pathogen upon repeated exposure
Takes longer to become activated but is longer lasting
Involves T and B lymphocytes
specific to each pathogen or microbial agent

Question 5

characteristics of cytokines

Answer 5

small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system’s innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection

Question 6

Cytokines involved in the innate immune response

Answer 6

responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to inflammation
but occurs within hours of first contact with microorganisms

Question 7

Chemokines

Answer 7

Enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells toward the source of the chemokine
play key roles in the initiation and development of inflammatory responses

Question 8

IgG

Answer 8

predominant immunoglobulin (75–80 percent of the total serum immunoglobulins)
providing immunity for the newborn, because IgG can cross the placenta
fixing complement
coating antigen for enhanced phagocytosis
neutralizing toxins and viruses
participating in agglutination and precipitation reactions

Question 9

IgG can cross the placenta?

Answer 9

All subclasses of IgG appear to be able to cross the placenta, although IgG2 is the least efficient

Question 10

IgM

Answer 10

macroglobulin
accounts for 5–10 percent of all serum immunoglobulin
pentamer (Looks like a snowflake) held together by a J, or joining, chain
cannot cross the placenta

Question 11

What is IgM known as?

Answer 11

primary response antibody
first to appear after antigenic stimulation and the first to appear in the maturing infant

Question 12

IgM functions

Answer 12

(1) complement fixation
(2) agglutination
(3) opsonization
(4) toxin neutralization

Question 13

IgA

Answer 13

10–15 percent of all circulating immunoglobulin
appears as a monomer

Question 14

IgA: Subgroups

Answer 14

IgA2 is the predominant form in secretions at mucosal surfaces, while IgA1is mainly found in serum

Question 15

main function of secretory IgA

Answer 15

patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense

Question 16

IgD

Answer 16

extremely scarce in the serum
more susceptible to proteolysis than other immunoglobulins
short half-life of 2 to 3 days
found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes

Question 17

IgE

Answer 17

least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum
plasma cells that produce IgE are located primarily in the lungs and skin
does not participate in typical immunoglobulin reactions

Question 18

Complement pathways

Answer 18

classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin pathway

Question 19

Classical Pathway

Answer 19

involves nine proteins that are triggered by antigen–antibody combination
IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 are capable of activation

Question 20

What activates classical pathway?

Answer 20

a few substances that can bind complement directly to initiate the classical cascade.
C-reactive protein, several viruses, mycoplasmas, some protozoa, and certain gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli

Question 21

Alternative Pathway

Answer 21

antibody-independent means of activation of complement

Question 22

Lectin Pathway

Answer 22

another antibody independent means of activating complement proteins

Question 23

C1qrs

Answer 23

the recognition unit that binds to the FC portion of two antibody molecules
Part of the recognition unit

Question 24

C3

Answer 24

C4b2a, The combination of C4b and C2a
serves as the pivotal point for all three pathways

Question 25

C4

Answer 25

facilitate phagocytosis and clearance of foreign substances part of the Activation unit

Question 26

C4b2a

Answer 26

indicate that the complex is an active enzyme

Question 27

C4b2a3b

Answer 27

C4b2a3b cleaves C5

Question 28

Where does antibody production occur?

Answer 28

during B cell development in the bone marrow

Question 29

What is an epitope?

Answer 29

molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T lymphocytes a small part of the immunogen is actually recognized in the immune response AKA determinant site

Question 30

What is CD8 marker?

Answer 30

Tc cells that destroy cells by producing perforins and granzymes kill target cells

Question 31

What is CD4 marker?

Answer 31

helper/inducer cells assist in antibody production

Question 32

Autocrine example

Answer 32

affecting the same cell that secreted it

Question 33

Paracrine example

Answer 33

affecting a target cell in close proximity

Question 34

What is a Hybridoma?

Answer 34

The PEG brings about fusion of plasma cells with myeloma cells

Question 35

MHC Class I

Answer 35

mainly present peptides that have been synthesized within the cell to CD8

Question 36

MHC Class II

Answer 36

present antigen to CD4 (helper) T cells

Question 37

Inflammation signs and symptoms

Answer 37

Redness (erythema)- Increased blood flow Swelling (edema) -Increased capillary permeability Heat Pain

Question 38

Acute Phase Reactants

Answer 38

Soluble factors found in serum Increase rapidly in response to infection, injury, or tissue trauma Facilitate contact between microbes and phagocytic cells Mop up and recycle important proteins after phagocytosis

Question 39

B cells

Answer 39

produce antibody differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells and are responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation

Question 40

CH50

Answer 40

most commonly used to measure lysis

Question 41

AH50

Answer 41

test’s buffer system chelates calcium, thus blocking classical pathway activation

Question 42

Adjuvants

Answer 42

substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response acts by producing a local inflammatory response that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

Question 43

TLR

Answer 43

glycoproteins that bind to particular substances activating cytokine and chemokine production and other processes to enhance phagocytosis Can destroy most pathogens that humans are exposed to before disease sets in

Question 44

PRR

Answer 44

molecules on host cells that recognize substances found only on pathogens Once receptors bind a pathogen, phagocytosis can take place