Exam 1 Review sheet Flashcards
Immunology
The awareness that exposure to an infectious agent results in protection upon re-exposure
Haptens
nonimmunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants
Innate immunity
The anatomical, cellular, and humoral defenses that function in the early stages of host defense to a foreign substance
ability of the host to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.
Adaptive Immunity
Remembers prior exposure
Increases response to a pathogen upon repeated exposure
Takes longer to become activated but is longer lasting
Involves T and B lymphocytes
specific to each pathogen or microbial agent
characteristics of cytokines
small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system’s innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection
Cytokines involved in the innate immune response
responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to inflammation
but occurs within hours of first contact with microorganisms
Chemokines
Enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells toward the source of the chemokine
play key roles in the initiation and development of inflammatory responses
IgG
predominant immunoglobulin (75–80 percent of the total serum immunoglobulins)
providing immunity for the newborn, because IgG can cross the placenta
fixing complement
coating antigen for enhanced phagocytosis
neutralizing toxins and viruses
participating in agglutination and precipitation reactions
IgG can cross the placenta?
All subclasses of IgG appear to be able to cross the placenta, although IgG2 is the least efficient
IgM
macroglobulin
accounts for 5–10 percent of all serum immunoglobulin
pentamer (Looks like a snowflake) held together by a J, or joining, chain
cannot cross the placenta
What is IgM known as?
primary response antibody
first to appear after antigenic stimulation and the first to appear in the maturing infant
IgM functions
(1) complement fixation
(2) agglutination
(3) opsonization
(4) toxin neutralization
IgA
10–15 percent of all circulating immunoglobulin
appears as a monomer
IgA: Subgroups
IgA2 is the predominant form in secretions at mucosal surfaces, while IgA1is mainly found in serum
main function of secretory IgA
patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense
IgD
extremely scarce in the serum
more susceptible to proteolysis than other immunoglobulins
short half-life of 2 to 3 days
found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes
IgE
least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum
plasma cells that produce IgE are located primarily in the lungs and skin
does not participate in typical immunoglobulin reactions
Complement pathways
classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin pathway
Classical Pathway
involves nine proteins that are triggered by antigen–antibody combination
IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 are capable of activation
What activates classical pathway?
a few substances that can bind complement directly to initiate the classical cascade.
C-reactive protein, several viruses, mycoplasmas, some protozoa, and certain gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli
Alternative Pathway
antibody-independent means of activation of complement
Lectin Pathway
another antibody independent means of activating complement proteins
C1qrs
the recognition unit that binds to the FC portion of two antibody molecules
Part of the recognition unit
C3
C4b2a, The combination of C4b and C2a
serves as the pivotal point for all three pathways
C4
facilitate phagocytosis and clearance of foreign substances
part of the Activation unit
C4b2a
indicate that the complex is an active enzyme
C4b2a3b
C4b2a3b
cleaves C5
Where does antibody production occur?
during B cell development in the bone marrow
What is an epitope?
molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T lymphocytes
a small part of the immunogen is actually recognized in the immune response
AKA determinant site
What is CD8 marker?
Tc cells that destroy cells by producing perforins and granzymes
kill target cells
What is CD4 marker?
helper/inducer cells
assist in antibody production
Autocrine example
affecting the same cell that secreted it
Paracrine example
affecting a target cell in close proximity
What is a Hybridoma?
The PEG brings about fusion of plasma cells with myeloma cells
MHC Class I
mainly present peptides that have been synthesized within the cell to CD8
MHC Class II
present antigen to CD4 (helper) T cells
Inflammation signs and symptoms
Redness (erythema)- Increased blood flow
Swelling (edema) -Increased capillary permeability
Heat
Pain
Acute Phase Reactants
Soluble factors found in serum
Increase rapidly in response to infection, injury, or tissue trauma
Facilitate contact between microbes and phagocytic cells
Mop up and recycle important proteins after phagocytosis
B cells
produce antibody
differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells and are responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation
CH50
most commonly used to measure lysis
AH50
test’s buffer system chelates calcium, thus blocking classical pathway activation
Adjuvants
substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response
acts by producing a local inflammatory response that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site
TLR
glycoproteins that bind to particular substances
activating cytokine and chemokine production and other processes to enhance phagocytosis
Can destroy most pathogens that humans are exposed to before disease sets in
PRR
molecules on host cells that recognize substances found only on pathogens
Once receptors bind a pathogen, phagocytosis can take place
