Chapter 25: Immunization and Vaccines

Question 1

What is immunity?

Answer 1

condition of being resistant to disease

Question 2

What is immunization?

Answer 2

process by which immunity is acquired

Question 3

What are the 3 types of immunity?

Answer 3

○ Active
○ Passive
○ Adoptive

Question 4

Active Immunization

Answer 4

Stimulation of a person’s own immune system to mount an adaptive immune response to an antigen

Question 5

Active immunization examples

Answer 5

○ Natural exposure to infection- production of antibodies
○ Administration of a vaccine

Question 6

Passive Immunization

Answer 6

Transfer of antibodies from immunized hosts to a nonimmune individual

Question 7

Passive Immunization examples

Answer 7

○ Transfer of mother’s antibodies to fetus or infant: IgG through placenta, IgA through breast milk
○ Passive immunotherapy: Commercial antibody preparations

Question 8

Adoptive Immunization

Answer 8

Transfer of cells of the immune system (usually lymphocytes) from an immunized host to a nonimmune individual

Question 9

Advantages of each immunity

Answer 9

○ Active immunity: Induces long-term protection
○ Passive immunity: Provides immediate protection
○ Adoptive immunity: Can transfer cell-mediated immunity

Question 10

Disadvantages of each immunity

Answer 10

○ Active: Takes time to develop
○ Passive: Is temporary; memory not produced, Can induce hypersensitivity
○ Adoptive: Possible rejection of allogeneic cells

Question 11

What is a vaccine?

Answer 11

○ An antigen suspension derived from a pathogen
○ Induces active immunity

Question 12

Attenuation

Answer 12

bacteria or viruses weakened by chemical treatment, growth at different temperatures, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture

Question 13

Attenuated Vaccines

Answer 13

○ Use live but weakened viruses or bacteria
○ grown under abnormal culture conditions so that they are no longer pathogenic but are still capable of stimulating the immune response

Question 14

Examples of attenuated vaccines: Bacteria

Answer 14

○ Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG)
Typhoid fever

Question 15

Examples of attenuated vaccines: virus

Answer 15

○ MMR
○ Polio
○ influenza
○ Varicella

Question 16

Advantages and disadvantages of attenuated vaccines

Answer 16

○ Stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
○ Cannot be administered to immunocompromised patients
○ On rare occasion, may revert to pathogenic form
* tend to be most immunogenic

Question 17

Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 17

○ Intact viruses or bacteria that have been killed by treatment with chemicals or heat
○ Examples being: Influenza, Hep. A

Question 18

Advantages and disadvantages of inactive vaccines

Answer 18

○ Can safely be given to immunocompromised individuals
○ Stimulate humoral immunity but little or no cell-mediated immunity
○ May require two or more booster doses to produce protective immunity

Question 19

Subunit Vaccines

Answer 19

One or more purified components of a pathogen

Question 20

Subunit vaccines examples

Answer 20

○ Toxoids
○ Polysaccharides
○ Purified proteins
○ Recombinant proteins

Question 21

Toxoids

Answer 21

Chemically inactivated bacterial toxins that are not pathogenic

Question 22

Polysaccharides

Answer 22

○ Biochemically purified polysaccharide from bacterial capsules
○ Requires conjugation to a carrier protein (glycoconjugates) to induce IgG production and long-term immunity

Question 23

Purified Proteins

Answer 23

Biochemically purified components of a microorganism

Question 24

Recombinant Proteins

Answer 24

○ Proteins produced by genetically modified nonpathogenic bacteria, yeast, or other cells
○ Examples: Hep. B, HPV

Question 25

Advantages of Subunit Vaccines

Answer 25

○ Induce an immune response to the pathogenic component(s) of a microorganism ○ Safety; avoid administration of intact organism

Question 26

Limitations of Subunit Vaccines

Answer 26

○ Least immunogenic vaccine ○ Require two or more booster doses to produce protective immunity ○ Must be multivalent if a broad immune response is desired ○ Require an adjuvant to increase immunogenicity

Question 27

Factors Influencing Immunogenicity

Answer 27

○ Age ○ Immune status ○ Vaccine composition

Question 28

Adjuvants

Answer 28

○ Substances that enhance the immune response when administered together with a vaccine antigen ○ Stimulate the innate immune system to induce release of cytokines that activate adaptive immunity

Question 29

Adjuvants: examples

Answer 29

○ Alum ○ Oil-in-water emulsions

Question 30

Adjuvants: advantages

Answer 30

○ Result in a faster, longer-lasting immune response ○ May increase cell-mediated immunity

Question 31

Benefits of Vaccines

Answer 31

○ Reduction or elimination of many serious, potentially fatal diseases ○ Decreased morbidity and mortality

Question 32

Adverse Effects of Some Vaccines

Answer 32

○ Local reactions: Swelling, tenderness at injection site ○ Generalized reactions: Low-grade fever and malaise ○ Allergic reactions: Type I or type III hypersensitivity ○ Development of disease

Question 33

Standard human immune serum globulin (HISG)

Answer 33

○ known as gamma globulin ○ Prophylactic treatment for patients with deficiencies in antibody production

Question 34

Specific human serum globulins

Answer 34

Used to treat unimmunized individuals who have potentially been exposed to a pathogen

Question 35

Examples of Specific human serum globulins

Answer 35

○ Hepatitis A and hepatitis B ○ Varicella ○ Rabies ○ Tetanus ○ Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 36

Animal globulins

Answer 36

Usually prepared from horse serum

Question 37

Animal globulins: examples

Answer 37

○ Anti-toxins: Antibodies to bacterial toxins ○ Anti-snake venom: Neutralize toxins or venom

Question 38

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 38

○ Made by a single clone of B cells ○ Directed against a particular epitope of an antigen ○ Used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other disorders