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S20 Clin-Med > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

serum

A

plasma minus the clotting factors

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2
Q

main component of plasma

A

water

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3
Q

where are B cells produced and mature

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

where are T cells produced and where do they mature

A

produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

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5
Q

where do lymphocytes go when they are mature

A

enter circulation, spleen and lymph nodes to survey for invaders

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6
Q

what type of cells may be seen in the presence of an infectious disease

A

neutrophilic band cells

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7
Q

characterisitcs of RBC

A

no nucleus
biconcave disc
central pallor

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8
Q

main component of RBC

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

how many molecules of hemoglobin are in a RBC

A

approx 270 million

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10
Q

components of globin

A

4 polypeptide subunits

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11
Q

components of heme

A

4 pyrrole rings held together by iron in its reduced form

  • one heme unit is contained in each of the globin subunit
  • each unit binds a molecule of oxygen
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12
Q

what is formed by the break down of the pyrrole ring

A

bilirubin

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13
Q

what is reutilized when Hb is broken down

A

iron and globin

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14
Q

what is the most abundant blood cell type

A

RBC

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15
Q

when would you expect to see macrocytic cells

A 
b12 and folic acid def
alcohol
down syndrome
hypothyroidism
liver disease
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16
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscle value

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17
Q

RDW

A

red cell distribution of width

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18
Q

what does a high RDW suggest

A

divergent population of red cells with different sizes

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19
Q

anisocytosis

A

differing sizes

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20
Q

RDW and MCV with pure macrocytosis

A

normal RDW

High MCV

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21
Q

RWD and MCV in iron def anemia

A

Low MCV

Normal RDW

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22
Q

RDW and MCV in mixed macrocytosis and microcytosis

A

Normal MCV

High RDW

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23
Q

RDW and MCV in hemolytic anemia

A 
High MCV (reticulocytes larger than normal RBC)
High RDW
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24
Q

poikilocytosis

A

cell shape

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25
Q

what does the presence of macroovalocytes suggest

A

B12 or folic acid def

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26
Q

what do ovalo and elliptocytes suggest

A

inherited red cell abnormalities

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27
Q

what does the presence of spherocytes suggest

A

hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia

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28
Q

schistocytes

A

destruction within vascular spaces

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29
Q

tear drop cells

A

extra medullar hematopoiesis- a response to bone marrow failure

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30
Q

where does EMH occurs

A

spleen, liver and occasionally lymph nodes

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31
Q

when is a RBC considered to be hypochromic

A

if more than 1/3 is pale

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32
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A

increased osmotic fragility

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33
Q

what is there a lack of in hereditary spheropcytosis

A

spectrin (RBC cytoskeletal membrane protein)

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34
Q

acute phase reactants

A

proteins that change their serum concentration by >25% in response to inflammatory cytokines

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35
Q

what part of the immune system do acute phase reactants belong to

A

innate immune system

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36
Q

when does rouleaux occur

A

increased serum portions esp fibrinogen and globulins

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37
Q

reticulocytes

A

normal immature RBCs. circulate for about a day before maturing

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38
Q

characteristics of reticulocytes

A

residual robosomal RNA in cytoplasm

39
Q

what does a high retic count suggest

A

blood loss or increased destruction

40
Q

what does the appearance of RBC occulsions suggest

A

the spleen is not working

41
Q

howell jolly bodies

A

DNA remnants

42
Q

what does a nucelated RBC suggest

A

bone marrow stress

43
Q

basophillic stippling

A

lead poisoning

ribosomes

44
Q

heinz bodies

A

denatured hemoglobin

45
Q

in what condition are heinz bodies seen

A

G6PD deficiency

46
Q

Dohle bodies

A

in cytoplasm of neutrophils . Rough Er

47
Q

why would bilirubin be high in someone with sickle cell anemia

A

RBC are abnormal and are getting eaten

48
Q

what is the least plentiful blood cell type

A

WBC

49
Q

function of WBC

A

defend the body against infections and neoplasms

50
Q

what are the most numerous WBC

A

neutrophils

51
Q

when do eosiniphils react

A

allergies and parasitic infections

52
Q

what do basophils produce

A

histamine, heparin and IL 4

53
Q

what type of neutrophil are seen in the blood

A

PMNS and bands

54
Q

when are immature neutrophils seen in the blood

A

bone marrow stress d/t infection, pregnancy, recovery from bone marrow supression, blood malignancies

55
Q

neutrophil nuclei

A

3-4 lobes (5 or more= hyper-segmented B12)

56
Q

eosinophillia

A 
Neoplastic
Allergic
Asthma
Collagen
Parasites
57
Q

what is basophillic leukocytosis assocatied with

A

leukemia esp CML

58
Q

characterisitics of atypical lymphocytes

A

larger than normal, have large nucleooli, more cytoplasm

59
Q

In what condition are atypical lymphocytes commonly found

A

MONO

60
Q

what is the largest cell in the blood

A

monocytes

61
Q

low platelt count

A

bleeding

62
Q

high platelet count

A

clotting

63
Q

what do large platelets suggest?

A

consumptive process

64
Q

thrombomodulin

A

secreted by intact blood vessels to prevent clotting

65
Q

von willebrand factor

A

secreted in response to a blood vessel injury and initiates first step in wound healing

66
Q

steps of hemostatsis

A

vasoconstriction
platelet plug
fibrin clot

67
Q

what do all individuals innately produce

A

antibodies to whichever antigen they lack

68
Q

what immunoglobulin family are anti- A and anti-B

A

IgM

69
Q

what immunoglobulin crosses the placenta

A

IgG

70
Q

universal donor

A

type o

71
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

72
Q

whole blood for trasnfusion

A

PRBS, platelets and FFP

73
Q

how does one unit of PRBS affect HCT and Hgb

A

increases HCT by 3% and Hgb by 1 `

74
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC

75
Q

lwukocytosis

A

high WBC

76
Q

anemia

A

low H/H

77
Q

polycythemia

A

high H/H

78
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelts

79
Q

thrombocytosis

A

high platelets

80
Q

microcytosis

A

low MCV

81
Q

macrocytosis

A

high MCV

82
Q

hgb at birth

A

17

83
Q

hgb adolencse

A

13

84
Q

adult male hgb

A

16

85
Q

adult female hgb

A

13

86
Q

pregnancy hgb

A

12

87
Q

why do men have higher hgb

A

testosterone stimulates erythopoesis. menses

88
Q

causes of anemia

A

losing
not making it
destroying

89
Q

normal life span of a RBC

A

110-120 days

90
Q

normal adult blood volume

A

5 L

91
Q

acute loss of blood (10-15)

A

postural hypotension, tachy, lightheaded, syncope

92
Q

blood loss >30%

A

shock

93
Q

compensatory mechanisms in hypovolemic patient

A

offset hypotension by increasing blood volume/cardiac output or by reducing vascular capacity via vasoconstriction

S20 Clin-Med (10 decks)

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