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Analytical > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is sampling?

A

First step in any chemical analysis
a representative small sample to measure the

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2
Q

What is at-line sampling?

A

manual sampling with transport to an analyzer located in manufacturing area.

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3
Q

What is on-line sampling?

A

automated sampling and transport to an automated analyzer

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4
Q

What is in-line sampling?

A

process to analyzer interface is located within process itself in-site by a probe (see process as it occurs)

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5
Q

What is a homogenous sample?

A

composition is the same anywhere

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6
Q

What is a heterogenous sample?

A

Composition differs from place to place

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7
Q

What is sample preparation?

A

transforming the sample into a state that is suitable for analysis

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8
Q

Analyzes

A

substance being measured

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9
Q

Quantitative Transfer

A

a complete transfer

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10
Q

Slurry

A

Suspension of a solid in a liquid

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11
Q

Supernatant liquid

A

Liquid above a packed solid

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12
Q

What are the steps in the analytical approach?

A
  1. Formulate specific question
  2. Select an analytical procedure
  3. Sampling
  4. Sample preparation
  5. Analysis
  6. Reporting & Interpretation
  7. Conclusion
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13
Q

What are the steps for sample preparation?

A
  1. Extract from bulk sample, a representative lab sample
  2. Convert bulk sample to lab sample
  3. Remove interferences
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14
Q

Why use Random Sampling?

A

Provides an unbiased estimation of target population.
All samples in the preparation have an equal chance of being included.

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15
Q

How to do random sampling?

A

Divide target population into equal units, assign a unique point to each unit.

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16
Q

What are the quantitative methods

A
  1. Gravimetric
  2. Volumetric
  3. Spectrophotometric
  4. Electroanalysis
  5. Chromatography
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17
Q

What is quality assurance

A

It is intended to give producers and consumers confidence in the quality of their results

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18
Q

What is the benefit of quantitative analysis?

A

Identifying what is in an unknown

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19
Q

What is the benefit of quantitative analysis?

A

Identifying how much is present

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20
Q

What is a calibration curve?

A

A graph showing a detector response as a function of an analyte concentration

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21
Q

What is standard deviation

A

Measure of the reproducibility of the results

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22
Q

What is Molarity?

A

Molarity (M) = (moles of solute) / (liters of solution) /

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23
Q

What is molality?

A

molality (m) = (moles of solute) / (Kg of solvent)

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24
Q

Is M or m independent of temperature?

A

m - molality

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25
Q

What is weight percent?

A

weight percent = ((mass de solute) / (total mass of solution)) x 100%

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26
Q

What is volume percent?

A

Volume percent = ((volume of solute) / (total volume of solution)) x 100%

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27
Q

What is weight-volume percent? (w/v)

A

Weight x volume percent = ((wt of solute g) / (volume of solution mL)) x 100%

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28
Q

What is ppm

A

ppm = parts per million
ppm = ((mass of substance) / (mass of sample)) x 10^6
ppm = ug/mL

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29
Q

What is ppb?

A

ppb = parts per billion
ppb = ((mass of substance) / (mass of sample)) x 10^9
ppb = ((mg) / (L)) = ((ng) / (mL))

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30
Q

What is Buoyancy?

A

Upward force exerted on an object in a liquid or gaseous fluid.

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31
Q

What is the parallax error?

A

The error that occurs when your eye is not the same height as the liquid

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32
Q

What is adsorption?

A

To bind a substance on the surface.

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33
Q

What is absorption?

A

To bind a substance inerrancy.

34
Q

What is the mother liquid?

A

Liquid from which a substance precipitate or crystalizes

35
Q

What is filtrate

A

Liquid that passes through a filter

36
Q

What is ignition?

A

Heading to a high temperature to convert a precipitate in a constant composition

37
Q

What is digestion?

A

A substance is decomposed and dissolved by a reactive liquid such as strong acid, or strong base.

38
Q

What does quality control involve?

A
  1. Assessing the suitability of incoming components, containers, closures, labeling in-process materials and finished product.
  2. Evaluating the performance of the manufacturing process to ensure adherence to proper specifications and limits.
  3. Determining the acceptability of each batch for release.
39
Q

Raw Data

A

Individual values of a measured quantity.

40
Q

Treated Data

A

Concentrations or amounts derived from raw data by use of a calibration method.

41
Q

Results (quality assurance)

A

Quantities reported after statistical analysis of treated data.

42
Q

Goal of quality assurance

A

Meet customer’s needs.

43
Q

Method Blank

A

Sample containing all compounds except analyte and it is taken through all steps of analytical procedure.

44
Q

Reagent Blank

A

Similar to method blank but it has not been subjected to an sample preparation procedures.

45
Q

Standard Reference materials

A

Contain certified levels of analyte in realistic materials such as blood, leaves, etc.

46
Q

Spike Recovery

A

a known quantity of analyte added to the same sample whether the response to a sample is the same as expected from calibration.

47
Q

Percent Recovery

A

= ((Cspiked sample) - (Cunspiked sample)) x 100

48
Q

How to gauge accuracy?

A
  1. Calibration checks
  2. Fortification recovery
  3. Quality control samples
  4. Blanks
49
Q

How to gauge precision?

A
  1. Replicate samples
  2. Replicate portions of the same sample
50
Q

Calibration check

A
  1. To make sure instrument works properly
  2. Analyze solutions formulated to contain known concentration of analyte
  3. Call for calibration check every 10 samples
  4. Solution from calibration check should be different than standard
51
Q

Performance Test Samples (quality control or blind samples)

A

Help eliminate bias.

52
Q

Quality Assessment (evaluation) Process;

A
  1. Collecting data to show that analytical procedures are operating within specified limits
  2. Verifying that since results meet the objectives
53
Q

Method validation requirements

A
  1. Selectivity
  2. Accuracy
  3. Precision
  4. Linearity
  5. Range
  6. Limit of detection
  7. Limit of quantitation
54
Q

What is the signal detection limit?

A

Minimal detectable signal ydl
ydl= yblank = 3s

55
Q

What is detection limit?

A

Smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly difference from the blank
DL = (3s) / (m)

56
Q

What is quantitation limit?

A

10 times greater than DL
QL = (10s) / (m)

57
Q

What is standard addition limit?

A
  1. Used when a calibration curve is inappropriate or unreliable or unknown.
  2. A known quantity of analyte is added to a specimen and signal increase is measured. The relative increase in signal allous inference of how much analyte is in the sample.
58
Q

Standard addition equation

A

[X]i / [x]f + [s]f = Ix / Is + s

59
Q

What is internal standards?

A
  1. Known amount of a compound, difference from the analyte that if added to the unknown.
  2. Signal from analyte is compared with signal from the internal standard
  3. Used when there are changes in same parameters as flow rates in chromotography.
60
Q

What is the internal standard equation?

A

(area of analyte signal) / (concertation of analyte) = F((area of signal standard) / (concentration of standard))
(Ax) / [x] = F((As)/ ([s]))

61
Q

TC stands for

A

To contain

62
Q

TD stands for

A

To deliver

63
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measured value is to the “true” value

64
Q

Precision

A

Describes the reproducibility of a result

65
Q

Systematic Error (determinate error)

A

Is a consistent error that can be detected and corrected
- using pH meter that has been calibrated incorrectly
- uncalibrated buret

66
Q

Ways to detect systematic errors:

A
  • use Standard Reference Materials
  • analyze blanks
  • use different analytical methods for the same analyte
  • analyze identical samples in different laboratories
67
Q

Random Error (indeterminate error)

A

can not be eliminated, arises from limitations in our ability to make physical measurements and on natural fluctuations in the quantity being measured
- reading a scale, noise in an instrument

68
Q

Absolute uncertainty

A

Expresses the margin of uncertainty associated with a measurement

69
Q

Parallax error

A

The error that occurs when your eye is not at the same height as the liquid

70
Q

Adsorption

A

To bind a substance on the surface

71
Q

Absorption

A

To bind a substance internally

72
Q

Proper position of the Meniscus

A

At the center of the ellipse formed by the front and back of the calibration mark when viewed from above or below the level of the mark

73
Q

Mother liquid

A

Liquid from which a substance precipitates or crystallizes

74
Q

Filtrate

A

Liquid that passes through a filter

75
Q

Ignition

A

Heating a high temperature to convert a precipitate in a constant composition

76
Q

Fusion

A

Inorganic substances that do not dissolve in acids can dissolved in hot molten inorganic flux, such as Li2B4O7 and NaOH. May be placed in crucible or furnace burner

77
Q

Digestion

A

A substance is decomposed and dissolved by a reactive liquid such as a strong acid, or strong base

78
Q

Quality Assurance

A

A system of activities whose purpose is to provide the producer or user of a product or service with the assurance that it meets defined standards of quality with a stated level of confidence.

79
Q

Quality Control

A
  1. Assessing the suitability of incoming components, containers, closures, labeling, in-process materials, and the finished product
  2. Evaluating the performance of the manufacturing process to ensure adherence to proper specifications and limits
  3. Determining the acceptability of each batch for release.
80
Q
A

Analytical (12 decks)

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