Exam 1 Review

Question 1

What area of biomedical science does immunity deal with

Answer 1

Responses of organisms (antigens) challenges

Question 2

The “T” in T cell derives from what

Answer 2

The organ in which T cells mature - Thymus

Question 3

What is the purpose of phagocytosis

Answer 3

To detect, engulf, and destroy microorganisms or remove damaged cells and microorganisms

To produce cytokines required for development of an inflammatory reaction

To process and present antigens required to induce an immune response by lymphocytes

Question 4

Activating signals received by NK cells are usually overridden when a cell is normal, why

Answer 4

To prevent killing normal cells, inhibitory signals are always dominant

Question 5

In which phase of leukocyte extravasation do cells firmly bind to the endothelium

Answer 5

Adhesion phase

Question 6

Sentinel phagocytic cells can recognize PAMPs and DAMPs. Once sentinel cells recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, their cellular activation can produce:

Answer 6

Inflammation

Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Tissue damage and shock

Question 7

Chemical structures of bacteria and viruses are considered as PAMPs. PAMPs are recognized as foreign antigens by phagocyte cell surface and intracellular receptors. Thus, bacteria and viruses are eliminated by this mechanism of immune response:

Answer 7

Innate Immune Response

Question 8

Langerhans cells are considered as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) and they are categorized as

Answer 8

Dendritic cells

Question 9

Final maturation/differentiation of immune cells in bone marrow is characterized by

Answer 9

Expression of specific cell receptors, change in cell morphology, and migration from bone marrow to tissues by blood circulation

Question 10

Characteristics of the adaptive immune response are

Answer 10

Not immediate

Specific

Memory

Question 11

Acute inflammation

Answer 11

Fights the early stages of infection

Prepares the process that leads to tissue repair

Question 12

Following a mosquito bite, the skin reddens and a slight edema develops accompanied by itching. What immunological mechanism is involved in this process?

Answer 12

Tissue inflammation

Question 13

A virus infected cell is a target for which innate immune cells respectively

Answer 13

NK cells

Question 14

The abbreviation APC stands for

Answer 14

Antigen Presenting Cell

Question 15

Tears or saliva contain lysozyme. What can this enzyme do to peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 15

Degrade it

Question 16

Innate immunity is inherited in animals and it is not specific. Cells like neutrophils and macrophages eliminate most of the microorganisms by phagocytosis but this type of innate immunity… (does or does not imrpove)

Answer 16

Does not improve

Question 17

Peter was infected and sick by COVID 19. Fortunately, after 3 weeks, peter is healthy and negative to COVID 19. Peter is willing to donate his antibodies for immunotherapy to other infected and sick people. Peter’s antibodies produced by his immune response can be transferred to sick people. In this case the “immunity” is transferred …

Answer 17

Artificially

Question 18

Neutrophil is a phagocytic cell and plays an important role in inflammation. Its name is given because their cytoplasmic granules …

Answer 18

Do not get staining

Question 19

You are working in a vet hospital as a small animal clinician. You accepts in the hospital a 3 weeks old puppy with pneumonia symptoms. You take a blood sample and results show increased leukocytes and neutrophils. This helps to confirm the pneumonia is caused by …

Answer 19

Bacteria

Question 20

Immuno-surveillance is essential for pathogen recognition and elimination. This mechanism of protection occurs even in “distant” anatomical structures form lymphoid organs. This “faraway” protection is due to…

Answer 20

Lymphocytes recirculation

Question 21

These innate mechanisms of protection are more “efficient” in the “lower” respiratory tract

Answer 21

Alveolar macrophages and surfactants

Question 22

This is a classical bacterial disease characterized by constant activation of macrophages, chronic inflammatory reaction, and granulomas

Answer 22

Tuberculosis

Question 23

In which type of immune defense do the skin, mucus membranes, and various chemicals form a protective barrier

Answer 23

Innate immunity

Question 24

Can NK cells kill target cells coated with antibodies

Answer 24

Yes, true

Question 25

The original Greek description of macrophages as “big eaters” literally means:

Answer 25

Macrophages can ingest and degrade bacteria

Question 26

As a vet pediatric consultant you have been called to a case of an Irish setter puppy with abnormally high neutrophil numbers in peripheral blood and several episodes of bacterial infection shortly after weaning. A detailed study of the puppy’s neutrophils in vitro reveals inability to adhere to normal endothelial cells. What is the problem with the puppy?

Answer 26

Neutrophils have a deficiency in Beta 2 integrin chain (CD18)

Question 27

What condition develops when fluid accumulates in tissues during an inflammatory reaction

Answer 27

Edema

Question 28

TLRs, RLRs, and CLRs are configures to detect

Answer 28

PAMPs

Question 29

When mechanical barriers of the innate immune system are breached, which other barriers will still function in the innate immune response?

Answer 29

The cellular barrier which includes NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells will function

Question 30

Antibody receptors on the macrophage cell membrane

Answer 30

CD64 (FcyRI)

CD32 (FcyRII)

CD16 (FcyRIII)

(the Fc = antibody)