Exam 1 Review Flashcards
What area of biomedical science does immunity deal with
Responses of organisms (antigens) challenges
The “T” in T cell derives from what
The organ in which T cells mature - Thymus
What is the purpose of phagocytosis
To detect, engulf, and destroy microorganisms or remove damaged cells and microorganisms
To produce cytokines required for development of an inflammatory reaction
To process and present antigens required to induce an immune response by lymphocytes
Activating signals received by NK cells are usually overridden when a cell is normal, why
To prevent killing normal cells, inhibitory signals are always dominant
In which phase of leukocyte extravasation do cells firmly bind to the endothelium
Adhesion phase
Sentinel phagocytic cells can recognize PAMPs and DAMPs. Once sentinel cells recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, their cellular activation can produce:
Inflammation
Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Tissue damage and shock
Chemical structures of bacteria and viruses are considered as PAMPs. PAMPs are recognized as foreign antigens by phagocyte cell surface and intracellular receptors. Thus, bacteria and viruses are eliminated by this mechanism of immune response:
Innate Immune Response
Langerhans cells are considered as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) and they are categorized as
Dendritic cells
Final maturation/differentiation of immune cells in bone marrow is characterized by
Expression of specific cell receptors, change in cell morphology, and migration from bone marrow to tissues by blood circulation
Characteristics of the adaptive immune response are
Not immediate
Specific
Memory
Acute inflammation
Fights the early stages of infection
Prepares the process that leads to tissue repair
Following a mosquito bite, the skin reddens and a slight edema develops accompanied by itching. What immunological mechanism is involved in this process?
Tissue inflammation
A virus infected cell is a target for which innate immune cells respectively
NK cells
The abbreviation APC stands for
Antigen Presenting Cell
Tears or saliva contain lysozyme. What can this enzyme do to peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall?
Degrade it
Innate immunity is inherited in animals and it is not specific. Cells like neutrophils and macrophages eliminate most of the microorganisms by phagocytosis but this type of innate immunity… (does or does not imrpove)
Does not improve
Peter was infected and sick by COVID 19. Fortunately, after 3 weeks, peter is healthy and negative to COVID 19. Peter is willing to donate his antibodies for immunotherapy to other infected and sick people. Peter’s antibodies produced by his immune response can be transferred to sick people. In this case the “immunity” is transferred …
Artificially
Neutrophil is a phagocytic cell and plays an important role in inflammation. Its name is given because their cytoplasmic granules …
Do not get staining
You are working in a vet hospital as a small animal clinician. You accepts in the hospital a 3 weeks old puppy with pneumonia symptoms. You take a blood sample and results show increased leukocytes and neutrophils. This helps to confirm the pneumonia is caused by …
Bacteria
Immuno-surveillance is essential for pathogen recognition and elimination. This mechanism of protection occurs even in “distant” anatomical structures form lymphoid organs. This “faraway” protection is due to…
Lymphocytes recirculation
These innate mechanisms of protection are more “efficient” in the “lower” respiratory tract
Alveolar macrophages and surfactants
This is a classical bacterial disease characterized by constant activation of macrophages, chronic inflammatory reaction, and granulomas
Tuberculosis
In which type of immune defense do the skin, mucus membranes, and various chemicals form a protective barrier
Innate immunity
Can NK cells kill target cells coated with antibodies
Yes, true
The original Greek description of macrophages as “big eaters” literally means:
Macrophages can ingest and degrade bacteria
As a vet pediatric consultant you have been called to a case of an Irish setter puppy with abnormally high neutrophil numbers in peripheral blood and several episodes of bacterial infection shortly after weaning. A detailed study of the puppy’s neutrophils in vitro reveals inability to adhere to normal endothelial cells. What is the problem with the puppy?
Neutrophils have a deficiency in Beta 2 integrin chain (CD18)
What condition develops when fluid accumulates in tissues during an inflammatory reaction
Edema
TLRs, RLRs, and CLRs are configures to detect
PAMPs
When mechanical barriers of the innate immune system are breached, which other barriers will still function in the innate immune response?
The cellular barrier which includes NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells will function
Antibody receptors on the macrophage cell membrane
CD64 (FcyRI)
CD32 (FcyRII)
CD16 (FcyRIII)
(the Fc = antibody)
