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NUTR361 > EXAM 1: Poverty and Food Insecurity Lecture > Flashcards

EXAM 1: Poverty and Food Insecurity Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What does food insecurity mean?
A. Do not have enough money to buy food
B. Do not have access to healthy food
C. Unable to buy the kinds of food I want
D. I get anxious about not being able to buy the foods I want
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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2
Q

What is community food security

A

The development and enhancement of sustainable, community-based strategies to ensure that all persons in the community have access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through, local, non-emergency sources at all times

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3
Q

When are individuals food-insecure

A

Food is not easily accessible to everyone
Food is not available in sufficient quantity or quality
Food is not affordable
Inadequate food assistance resources to low-income people

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4
Q

When are communities food-insecure at the food-production level

A

No local food production
No support for local food production
Locally produced food not available to community members

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5
Q

What is a food desert

A

Food deserts are defined as urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy and affordable food

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6
Q

What is the USDA classification of food deserts

A
  1. They qualify as low-income communities
    - a poverty rate of > 20% OR a median family income at or below 80% of the area median family income
  2. They qualify as low-access communities
    At least 500 persons and/or > 33% of the census tract’s population live > 1 mile from a supermarket or large grocery store
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7
Q

What is a food swamp

A

Place where unhealthy foods are more available than healthy foods

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8
Q

How to assess level of community food security

A

Profile community socioeconomic and demographic characteristics
Profile community food resources
Asses the community:
- Household food security
- food resource accessibility
- food availability and affordability
- community food production resources

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9
Q

What is the cycle of poverty

A

(This is a cycle so it goes in a circle)
Poverty -> Food insecurity, hunger and malnutrition -> poor physical and cognitive development

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10
Q

What is hunger

A

The physical sensation of desiring food
- an individual-level physiological condition that may result from food insecurity
(Anyone can be hungry)

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11
Q

What is food insecurity

A

Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe food and/or the ability to acquire such foods in a socially acceptable way

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12
Q

Are hunger and food insecurity the same?

A

NO! Food insecurity often leads to hunger but not the other way around

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13
Q

With food insecurity there is limited or uncertain:

A
  1. Availability of nutritionally adequate and safe food
  2. Ability to acquire such foods in a socially acceptable way
    - Ex: Stealing food
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14
Q

What is the definition of food security

A

“Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life”

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15
Q

How do we know about food security levels in the United States?

A
  • US department of commerce -> US census bureau
  • US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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16
Q

What is the US census bureau

A

Conducts the decennial census and over 130 surveys and programs annually
- these help allocate over $675 billion in federal funds every year and assist states, local communities and businesses make informed decisions
- where to build and maintain hospitals, schools, transportation, infrastructure, police departments, fire departments
- also helps allocate the seats of the House of Representatives to the states based on their population

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17
Q

What is the USDA’s food security statistics

A

Based on a national food security survey conducted as an annual supplement to the monthly current population survey

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18
Q

What is the current population (CPS)

A

The CPS is a nationally representative survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics
The CPS provides data for the nation’s monthly unemployment statistics, and annual income and poverty statistics

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19
Q

How do we measure food security?

A

Food security survey - asks about:
- Anxiety or perception that there is not enough money to buy food
- Perception of inadequacy in quantity or quality of food
- Instances of reduced food intake
- Periods of a decrease in food intake, hunger, and/or unintended weight loss
- asks how much spent for food
- asks whether food assistance programs used

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20
Q

How do we measure food security?

A

Food security survey - asks about:
- Anxiety or perception that there is not enough money to buy food
- Perception of inadequacy in quantity or quality of food
- Instances of reduced food intake
- Periods of a decrease in food intake, hunger, and/or unintended weight loss
- asks how much spent for food
- asks whether food assistance programs used

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21
Q

When is the food security survey collected and how

A

Collected by US Census Bureau annually

22
Q

What are USDA’s food security categories

A
  1. High Food Security
  2. Marginal food security
  3. Low food security
  4. Very low food security
23
Q

What is the USDA’s food security category: High Food Security

A

No reported indications of food-access problems or limitations, no anxiety

24
Q

What is the USDA’s food security category: Marginal food security

A

One or two reported indications - typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little indication of changes in diets or food intake.

25
Q

What is the USDA’s food security category: Marginal food security

A

One or two reported indications - typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little indication of changes in diets or food intake.

26
Q

What is the USDA’s food security category: Low food security

A

Reports of reduced quality, variety or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced quantity

27
Q

What is the USDA’s food security category: Very low food security

A

Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced intake

28
Q

What are the trends in food insecurity

A

Increases in prevalence of low and very-low food insecurity from 1995 to 2013
- Decreases had been observed prior to the pandemic
Large differences remain between states

29
Q

What is the percentage of food insecurity in the US

A

About 13%

30
Q

Poverty is…

A

The state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money

31
Q

What is absolute poverty

A

At the extreme, poverty is deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education

32
Q

How do we define poverty in the US?

A

By the cost of food!
3 times the cost of economically purchasing food for healthy diet

33
Q

Why is poverty defined by the cost of food?

A

Because the agriculture department’s 1955 household food consumption survey found that for families of three or more persons, the average dollar value of all food used during a week accounted for about one third of total income after taxes

34
Q

What is the thrifty food plan

A

USDA-designed food plan
- specifies foods and amounts of foods to provide adequate nutrition
- meets DRIs and Dietary Guidelines, assumes all meals and snacks prepared at home
- Basis for SNAP benefits

35
Q

What is in the New Thrifty Food Plan

A

The new plan, which is used to set the maximum benefit for the government’s SNAP program, included an additional $34 per week for a family of four, a 21% increase from the previous plan
Average benefits rose more than 25% above pre-pandemic levels

36
Q

What is the consumer price index?

A

A measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services

37
Q

What does the consumer price index include the prices of

A

Food
Clothing
Shelter
Fuels
Transportation fares
Charges for doctors and dentists services
Drugs

38
Q

What is the dollar amount of the true poverty line

A

$12,880

39
Q

What are the two ways to set poverty levels

A

Poverty thresholds and poverty guidelines

40
Q

What are poverty thresholds

A

From the census bureau
Detailed; primarily used for statistical purposes
Preparing the estimate of the number of Americans in poverty each year

41
Q

What are the poverty guidelines

A

From the HHS
Simplified version of the thresholds, primarily used for administrative purposes, USDA determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs
- SNAP & WIC
- National School Lunch Program
Aka “poverty line” or “federal poverty level”

42
Q

What are the examples of federal programs that use poverty guidelines

A

Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
*some use a percentage multiple of the guidelines, such as 125% or 185%

43
Q

What is the issuing agency, purpose/use, differing characteristics of Poverty Thresholds

A

issuing agency: census bureau
Purpose/use: statistical - calculating the number of Americans in poverty
Differing characteristics: Varies by family size, number of children, and whether or not elderly

44
Q

What is the issuing agency, purpose/use, differing characteristics of Poverty guidelines

A

Issuing Agency: Dept. Health and Human Services
Purpose/Use: Administrative - determine financial eligibility for certain programs
Differing Characteristics: Vary by family size

45
Q

Study continuum of federal poverty

A
46
Q

How do we monitor poverty?

A

US census bureau’s current population survey (CPS)
Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC)
- Collected in the 50 states and the District of Columbia
- Annual
- Sample of about 100,000 household addresses

47
Q

What are populations at risk of being missed in censuses and surveys

A

Homeless, military, university students and foster children

48
Q

How does poverty happen

A

Low wages, single income families, unemployment, disability, caretaking…

49
Q

Examples of strategies and activities used to strengthen community food security

A

Outreach programs (SNAP, Extension)
Farmers markets
Community-supported agriculutre (CSA) programs
Urban community gardens
Farm-to-school, farm-to-hospital initiatives
Reducing food waste

50
Q

What are ways you can help with food and nutrition security?

A
  1. Learn. Participate in education opportunities and events to remain current about food insecurity in your community
  2. Volunteer Donate or volunteer your time, skills or resources to support activities to address food and nutrition security
  3. Advocate. Speak with legislators, community leaders, and other healthcare professionals about the causes and solutions to food and nutrition insecurity.

NUTR361 (11 decks)

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