EXAM 1: Epidemiology

Question 1

What is an endemic

Answer 1

Adjective, means natural to, native to, confined to or widespread within a place or population of people

Question 2

What is an epidemic

Answer 2

Disease is one affective many persons at the same time and spreading from person to person in a locality where the disease is not permanently prevalent

Question 3

What is epidemiology

Answer 3

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease) and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems

Question 4

What is distribution

Answer 4

Frequency and pattern of health events in a population

Question 5

What is determinant

Answer 5

Any factor, whether event, characteristic or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic

Question 6

What is a pandemic

Answer 6

Epidemic of a disease that spreads over a wide geographic area and affecting a proportion of the population worldwide

Question 7

What is risk

Answer 7

The probability or likelihood of an event occuring

Question 8

What is risk factors

Answer 8

Any factor associated with increased likelihood of experiencing a disease or condition

Question 9

How does risk fit in?

Answer 9

The risk disease in one group of people may not be the same as risk of disease in another group
The level (or likelihood) of risk can be compared between two groups

Question 10

What is relative risk (RR)

Answer 10

Risk of event for “exposed” people/risk of event for “unexposed” people
RR = 1, then risk is equal between exposed and unexposed groups
RR > 1 then risk is greater in exposed groups
RR < 1, risk is lower in exposed groups vs. unexposed group

Question 11

What is prevalence

Answer 11

Frequency of a disease/condition (proportion)
- count all cases in a whole population

Question 12

What is incidence

Answer 12

Risk of developing a condition over time (rate)
- count new cases in a population at risk

Question 13

What are the types of epidemiological studies

Answer 13

Observational and experimental

Question 14

What happens in an observational study

Answer 14

We measure or survey members of a sample without trying to affect them

Question 15

What happens in a controlled experiment

Answer 15

We assign people or things to groups and apply some treatment to one of the groups, while the other group does not recieve the treatment

Question 16

What happens in a controlled experiment

Answer 16

We assign people or things to groups and apply some treatment to one of the groups, while the other group does not recieve the treatment

Question 17

Examples of observational studies

Answer 17

Cross-sectional
Cohort
Case-control
Correlational/ecological

Question 18

Examples of experimental studies

Answer 18

Randomized
Non-randomized

Question 19

Example of cross sectional design

Answer 19

Nutrient intake and status in inflammatory bowl disease patients

Question 20

Example of a cohort study

Answer 20

Nutritional factors and endometrial cancer

Question 21

Example of a case-control study

Answer 21

Two groups, one with the disease and one without. Compare their dietary patterns or blood levels

Question 22

Example of a correlational study

Answer 22

Correlation between nutritional status and comprehensive physical performance measures among older adults with undernourishment in residential institutions

Question 23

What is a cofounder

Answer 23

a ‘hidden’ factor or characteristic may cause an association that the researchers attribute to the other factors

Question 24

What is a cross sectional study

Answer 24

‘Snapshot in time’
- exposures and outcomes measured at the same time point
Can tell you: prevalence of population that has a disease or condition, and association between exposure and outcome, NOT causation

Question 25

What are cohort studies

Answer 25

Group of people without disease (cohort) followed over time
Compare outcomes in expose to non-exposed

Question 26

What are case control studies

Answer 26

Identify cases (with disease) and then similar controls (without disease)
Measure exposures retrospectively
Matched (1:1 group) or unmatched

Question 27

What are randomized experimental trials

Answer 27

Compare two or more groups that have been randomly assigned to an international/treatment
Test cause-effect of intervention