Exam 1 Pain Science Introduction

Question 1

is pain bad? give an example backing your answer

Answer 1

no, things like congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrous (CIPA) is a life threatening thing, where people get no pain, and get frequent fractures and most will die younger than 3. We need pain to tell us about danger and damage.

Question 2

what kind of system is pain

Answer 2

an alarm system

Question 3

can we get false alarms with pain

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is the root of the word pain?

Answer 4

greek origins, for punishment of ancient greek for fine or penalty.

Question 5

definition of pain

Answer 5

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 6

allodynia

Answer 6

pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

Question 7

hyperalgesia

Answer 7

increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

Question 8

sensitization

Answer 8

increased responsiveness of nocioceptive neurons to their normal input and or recruitment of a response to normally sub threshold inputs

Question 9

central

Answer 9

increased responsiveness of nocioceptive neurons in the CNS to their normal or sub threshold afferent inputs

Question 10

peripheral

Answer 10

increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nocioceptive neurons int he periphery to the stimulation of their receptor fields

Question 11

TF: pain has been around since ancient times

Answer 11

true

Question 12

in ancient Egypt: who were Seth and sekhmet

Answer 12

gods of pain. when you had pain, it came into your left nostril or ear and attacked the heart or vessels, and magic was used, or prayer, ritual or drugs.

Question 13

what does ancient china think of pain

Answer 13

imbalance of yin and yang, too much ring was tissue damage and swelling and too much yang was pain

Question 14

what did the greeks think about pain

Answer 14

plato: heart is the center of the soul and pain is from soul
Aristotle: pain is evil spirits and gods that enter by wounds, and sent to the heart

Question 15

what did the Phoenician’s think about pain

Answer 15

Hippocrates: pain is a disease and an imbalance of blood, phlegm, yellow or black bile (humors)
Galen: pain is the same thing, plus the stimulation of receptors. he connected nerves to the brain

Question 16

who connected nerves to the brain

Answer 16

Galen, the Phoenician

Question 17

what was the main difference between how the Phoenician’s and the greeks viewed pain

Answer 17

greeks: heart

Phoenician’s: brain

Question 18

who verified the sensory dorsal roots

Answer 18

Francois Magendie

Question 19

who discovered nociceptors

Answer 19

Charles Scott Sherrington in 1906, with the flexion reflex

Question 20

what percentage of the US population is in chronic pain

Answer 20

43%

Question 21

what percentage of people have LBP

Answer 21

28%

Question 22

how much money is spent on non cancer pain in this country

Answer 22

560 billion

Question 23

how many people have pain

Answer 23

1 in 10

Question 24

what percentage of younger people under 18 have pain

Answer 24

25-57%

Question 25

what are the slow pain fibers

Answer 25

a delta and C

Question 26

what are the fast fibers for pressure and sensation

Answer 26

A beta

Question 27

what is the specificity theory. weakness to the theory

Answer 27

that there is a specific nerve and brain region. weakness: phantom limb pain, and does not explain the hyperalgesia or allodynia

Question 28

what is the pattern theory and its weakness

Answer 28

nerves conduct information via specific and particular patterns, and there is no specificity of receptors. signals to brain, and then it is deciphered.
Weakness: the scientifically proven receptor differentiation was ignored.

Question 29

the gate control theory by malzack and wall was the marriage of what

Answer 29

the specificity and the pattern theories

Question 30

what is the gate controlled theory

Answer 30

you have fast and slow fibers, and a gate system between (interneurons). the gate will either allow the passage of the signal to the brain, or will inhibit it

Question 31

give examples of pain stimulus and then gating with rubbing

Answer 31

pain stimulus: a strong stimulus (from a C fiber) will get through the gate and go to the brain
Pants: eventually the A beta fibers stop relaying the signal, and we know that we have pants on, but don’t feel them rubbing against us

Question 32

what is the central control

Answer 32

info about the extent and the location of the injury is sent down the descending tracts, which elicit the influence of the gate, and the brain can modulate what information is coming in

Question 33

what are the weaknesses of the gate the theory

Answer 33

ignores psychological and mood components
over simplified
thinks the neural system is hardwired
we have different information about thresholds, NT density, descending control, cortisol activity

Question 34

what is todays theory

Answer 34

the pain matrix

Question 35

what is the pain matrix

Answer 35

mood, past experiences, brain and pain stimulus and all those things affect pain

Question 36

describe he neuromatrix:

Answer 36

signals come in constantly, and are assessed immediately. Then the body will respond. We have memories, sensory input from the body, emotional things, they all come in and are interpreted and then shape the output, like whether we feel pain, if we decide to act, or if we can regulate our stress.

Question 37

give an example of the complexity of the neuro matrix

Answer 37

losing an arm in war and still fighting on. or spraining an ankle crossing the street with a bus coming at you

Question 38

is the pain matrix the answer

Answer 38

no, is is not when it comes to cortisol areas and patterns, or the correction of patterns and pain with no pain, but is a great place to start