Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histopathology > Exam 1 - Orofacial Development > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Orofacial Development Flashcards

1
Q

During which stage of human development do the germ layers mature and differentiate into specific tissues?

A

embryonic period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A ____ is formed by the mitotic cleavage of the zygote.

A

blastomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A ____ is a group of more than 32 blastomeres.

A

morula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which structure of the proliferation period contains a cavity lined with cells?

A

blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A ____ is the 64-cell stage morula once it develops an internal blastocystic cavity.

A

blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A ____ is the name for a blastocyst once it develops an inner cell mass around day 6-7.

A

embryoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does implantation of the embryoblast into the uterine wall occur?

A

day 4-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The outer cell mass becomes the ____; the inner cell mass becomes the _____.

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers; bilaminar embryonic disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does the cytotrophoblast or syncytiotrophoblast “finger” into the uterine wall?

A

syncytiotrophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which layers are precursors to the placenta?

A

the outer cell mass that becomes the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

epiblast

hypoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ____ of the bilaminar embryonic disc forms the ectoderm and then eventually the mesoderm.

A

epiblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ____ of the bilaminar embryonic disc forms the endoderm layer.

A

hypoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What membrane is formed by the enlargement of the amniotic cavity and migration of cells from the hypoblast?

A

Heuser’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What structure forms the internal lining of the blastocyst cavity to form the embryonic yolk sac?

A

Heuser’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 cell layers and 3 embryonic cavities formed and present after complete implantation into the endothelial lining?

A

epiblast
embryonic mesoderm
hypoblast

amniotic cavity
yolk sac
chorionic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the embryonic mesoderm located?

A

between the amniotic cavity and yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which embryonic cavity surrounds the entire structure/embryo in the uterine wall?

A

chorionic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar disc is characterized by the formation of the _____.

A

primitive streak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What structure starts to form from the cells of the epiblast layer migrating and invaginating to form the mesodermal layer?

A

primitive streak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The primitive node turns into the _____, which turns into the _____.

A

notochordal process; notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The notochord is formed from _____ cells derived from the primitive node.

A

ectodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What blocks further progression of pre-notochordal cells? What is the “road block?”

A

prechordal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Prenotochordal cells invaginate and migrate towards the ____ until they reach the prechordal plate.

A

cephalad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prenotochordal cells detach and line up within the _____ layer to form the appropriate midline and form the notochord.

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What functions as a primitive axial skeleton for the embryo?

A

notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What establishes the symmetry and polarity of embryonic development?

A

notochord formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Does the notochord make somites?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of the notochord in somite formation?

A

it INDUCES the formation of somites by other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

____ are the precursors of the vertebral column, ribs, associated back muscles, and overlying dermis.

A

Somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What structure is the precursor to nerves of the spinal column?

A

neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The notochord stimulates the ____ layer to invaginate and form a round tube called the neural tube.

A

ectodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What cells form the peaks of the groove that eventually fuses together to create the neural tube?

A

neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where does fusion of the neural tube begin? Where does it fan out to?

A

starts in the middle; continues outward towards the head and the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What embryonic precursor cells eventually make the dorsal root ganglion?

A

neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar disc forms what 3 layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The ectoderm was formerly the ____ layer.

A

epiblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This layer forms the epidermis, hair, skin and nails.

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This layer forms the epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses.

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This layer forms the salivary and endocrine glands, sweat glands, and the nervous system.

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which embryonic layer forms tooth enamel?

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is paraxial mesoderm?

A

somites “around the axis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The ____ mesoderm forms the urogenital system.

A

intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the two subtypes of lateral plate mesoderm?

A

parietal mesoderm

visceral mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

This layer forms the serous membranes that cover the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

A

parietal mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This layer forms the thin serous membranes that cover individual organs.

A

visceral mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The endoderm was formerly the ____ layer.

A

hypoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

This layer forms the GI tract epithelium and its associated glands.

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which developmental defect occurs when the bottom of the neural tube does not fuse, usually from a folic acid deficiency?

A

spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which development defect occurs when extrusion of the dura and arachnoid mater occurs?

A

meningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which development defect occurs when there is extrusion of the meninges and neural tissue?

A

meningomyelocele

52
Q

Which developmental defect occurs when the ventricular cistern (deep brain) is extruded, along with neural tissue?

A

meningoencephalocele

53
Q

This developmental defect is fatal and is characterized by a lack of cranial development and brain.

A

anencephaly

54
Q

_____ differentiate into dorsal root ganglion and sensory ganglion for CN V, VII, IX, and X.

A

Neural crest cells

55
Q

What structures can neural crest cells make?

A 
dermis
connective tissue of the eye
CN ganglion
odontoblasts
pharyngeal arches
melanocytes
adrenal medulla
meninges
facial bones
cartilage
teeth/periodontal structures
56
Q

The neural crest cells make sensory ganglion for which cranial nerves?

A

V, VII, IX, X

57
Q

What two things can neural crest cells NOT make?

A

enamel

gingiva

58
Q

Enamel and gingiva are made via which embryonic origin layer?

A

ectoderm

59
Q

What structures do all branchial/pharyngeal arches contain?

A

1 nerve
1 artery
1 piece of cartilage

60
Q

The ___ branchial groove/cleft is formed by the mandibular and maxillary arches coming together.

A

1st

61
Q

What branchial arch forms the external auditory canal?

A

1st branchial groove/cleft

62
Q

What branchial arch forms the Eustachain tubes?

A

1st branchial pouch

63
Q

Where does the ear drum form within the branchial/pharyngeal arches?

A

between the 1st groove and the 1st pouch

64
Q

What branchial arch forms the palatine tonsils?

A

2nd branchial pouch

65
Q

What branchial arch forms the inferior parathyroids and the thymus?

A

3rd branchial pouch

66
Q

What branchial arch forms the superior parathyroids and the ultimobranchial body?

A

4th branchial pouch

67
Q

At which day mark does cervical flexure of the brain occur, as well as the formation of the maxillary and mandibular prominences and limb formation?

A

32 days

68
Q

At which day mark does pigmentation of the eye, formation of the auricular hillocks, and the external ear occur?

A

41 days

69
Q

What are the lumps called that form the external ear?

A

auricular hillocks

70
Q

At which point is the baby pretty much developed?

A

at the end of the embryonic period

71
Q

When do tissues and organs start to function in developement?

A

at the start of the fetal development period

72
Q

Does the head increase or decrease relative to the size of the body?

A

DECREASES (50% to 30%)

73
Q

What are the 4 processes that the face develops from?

A

mandibular process
maxillary process
lateral nasal process
median nasal process

74
Q

What does the mandibular process form?

A

chin

75
Q

What does the maxillary process form?

A

cheeks

76
Q

What do the lateral nasal processes form?

A

nose

77
Q

What do the median nasal processes form?

A

philtrum of lip

78
Q

What structure is formed from the coming together of the 4 processes?

A

stomadeum (primitive mouth)

79
Q

At what week does the buccopharyngeal membrane disintegrate to allow mouth to gut communication?

A

4th week

80
Q

At what week does the median nasal process fuse with the maxillary process?

A

5th/6th week

81
Q

The defective fusion of which two processes results in a cleft lip?

A

median nasal process

maxillary process

82
Q

When would a cleft lip be detected in utero?

A

around the 5th to 6th week (35th day)

83
Q

The defective fusion of what structure results in a cleft palate?

A

palatine shelves

84
Q

When would a cleft palate be detected in utero?

A

8th to 12th week

85
Q

What is the triangular area of the median nasal processes called?

A

primary palate

86
Q

The primary palate attaches to the ____ and seals it in a posterior direction.

A

maxillary processes

87
Q

How many ossification centers are present on the palate?

A

4

88
Q

What percent of facial clefts are combined cleft lip and cleft palate?

A

45%

89
Q

What is the most common cyst of the fusion lines?

A

nasopalatine duct cyst

90
Q

Which type of cyst develops at the line of fusion between the palatine shelves and the primary palate?

A

nasopalatine duct cyst

91
Q

You notice on your patient’s x-ray that she has a space between her central incisors and that they have deflected roots. What anomaly do you predict?

A

nasopalatine duct cyst

92
Q

Where do lateral cervical cysts/branchial fistulas occur?

A

follows along the sternocleidomastoid muscle

93
Q

When do lateral cervical cysts develop?

A

develop when the cervical sinus remains past the 7th week

94
Q

What structure remains that causes the formation of a lateral cervical cyst?

A

cervical sinus remnant

95
Q

Which arch covers the clefts on the outside of the head that are normally filled in by week 7?

A

2nd arch

96
Q

Which two pharyngeal arches contribute to the formation of the tongue?

A

1st and 3rd

97
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is made from cells of the ___ pharyngeal arch.

A

1st

98
Q

What fetal intermediate structure from the 1st pharyngeal arch makes up the anterior 2/3 of the tongue in an adult?

A

lateral lingual swellings

99
Q

What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

A

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

100
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue is made from cells of the ___ pharyngeal arch.

A

3rd

101
Q

What fetal intermediate structure from the 3rd pharyngeal arch makes up the posterior 1/3 of the tongue in an adult?

A

hypobranchial eminence

102
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue in innervated by which nerves?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

vagus (CN X)

103
Q

What is the origin of the thyroid gland?

A

foramen cecum (thyroid tissue invaginates downwards through the hole and migrates down)

104
Q

Where would you find the foramen cecum?

A

at the junction of the anterior and posterior portions of the tongue

105
Q

What is median rhomboid glossitis associated with?

A

candida albicans (yeast)

106
Q

What develops if the thyroglossal duct fails to involute properly at the foramen cecum?

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

107
Q

Which cyst is found in the midline of the neck due to a failure of the descent of the thyroid gland?

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

108
Q

A lateral cervical cyst always occurs ____; a thyroglossal duct cyst always occurs ____.

A

along the sternocleidomastoid; along the midline of the neck

109
Q

An ____ occurs if the thyroid gland does not involute the tongue at all. What forms where the foramen cecum should be?

A

ectopic lingual thyroid; nodule of lymph tissue

110
Q

What structure is the precursor to the anterior tongue?

A

lateral lingual swellings

111
Q

What structure is the precursor to the posterior tongue?

A

hypobranchial eminence

112
Q

Which arch has lateral lingual swelling and foramen cecum precursors, forms into the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, has innervation from the trigeminal nerve, and provides sensory to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

1st branchial arch

113
Q

Which arch contains the tuberculum impar?

A

2nd arch

114
Q

Which branch is overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence?

A

2nd arch

115
Q

Which arch is innervated by the facial nerve?

A

2nd arch

116
Q

Which arch provides taste sense to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue via the chorda tympani branch?

A

2nd arch

117
Q

Which arch contains the hypobranchial precursor which eventually turns into the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

3rd arch

118
Q

Which arch and nerve provides sensory to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

3rd arch; glossopharyngeal nerve

119
Q

Which arch provides sensory to the extreme posterior tongue via the superior laryngeal; branch of the vagus nerve?

A

4th arch

120
Q

Which arch provides motor innervation to all tongue muscles via the hypoglossal nerve?

A

6th arch

121
Q

The 1st arch is also called _____.

A

Meckel’s cartilage

122
Q

The 2nd arch is also called _____.

A

Reichart’s cartilage

123
Q

Which bony structures does Meckel’s cartilage eventually form?

A

maleus
incus
mandible

124
Q

Which bony structures does Reichart’s cartilage eventually form?

A

stapes***
styloid process
stylohyoid ligament
lesser horn of hyoid

125
Q

Which bony structure does the 3rd arch eventually form?

A

greater horn of hyoid

126
Q

Which bony structure does the 4th arch eventually form?

A

thyroid cartilage

Histopathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions