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Pharm 1 > Exam 1 module 1 chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 module 1 chapter 1 Flashcards

General, non-med information

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How mediations travel through the body

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2
Q

Absorbtion

A

Transmission of medications from location of administration to the bloodstream

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3
Q

Types of absorbtion

A

Oral, GI tract sublingual/Buffalo, mucous membranes- other, rectal, vagi al inhalation, I trader also/topical, subcutaneous/intramuscular Intravenous

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4
Q

Most commonly route of administration

A

Enteral- through GI and parenteral- by injection

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5
Q

Barriers to absorption and absorption pattern for oral

A

Barriers: meds must pass through later of epithelial cells that line GI tract

Pattern: vary greatly
D/t
Stability and solubility of meds 
GI PH and emptying time 
Presence of food in stomach/intestines 
Concurrent meds
Forms of meds (enteric coated, liquids) fluids
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6
Q

Barriers and pattern or sublingual / Buffalo absorption

A

Barriers: swallowing before dissolution allows gastric Ph to inactivate meds

Pattern: quick absorbtion systemically through highly vascular mucous membranes

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7
Q

Barriers and pattern of absorption of other mucous membranes (rectal/vaginal)

A

Barriers: stools or Infectious material limiting tissue contact
Pattern: easy absorption with both local and systemic effects

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8
Q

Inhalation mouth or nose. Barriers and pattern

A

Barriers: inspiration effort
Pattern: rapid absorption through a dollar capillary networks

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9
Q

Intradermal/ topical barriers and pattern

A

Barriers: close proximity epidermal cells
Pattern: slow gradual absorption; effects primarily local but systemic as well especially with lipid soluble medication passing through subq fatty tissue

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10
Q

Subcutaneous/ intramuscular barriers and pattern

A

Barrier: capillary walls have large spaces between cells therefore no significant barriers

Pattern : solubility of meds in water: high soluble
Meds have rapid absorption 10-30min
Poor soluble meds have slow absorption
Blood perfusion/ high=fast low= slow

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11
Q

Intravenous barriers/patterns

A

No barriers
Pattern:immediate enters directly to blood
Complete reaches blood in its entirety

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12
Q

Distribution def

A

The transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids

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13
Q

Factors influencing distribution

A

Circulation

Permeability of cell membrane plasma protein binding

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14
Q

Permeability influence on distribution

A

Medication must be able to pass through tissues and membranes to reach target area
Lipid soluble meds or those with transport system can cross blood brain barrier and placenta

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15
Q

Plasma protein binding distribution factors

A

Meds compete for protein binding sites w in bloodstream primarily albumin. Ability of med to bond to protein affects how much of med will leave and travel to target tissue
Two meds can compete for same binding site= toxicity

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

Aka bio transformation
Changes meds into less active or inactive form by action of enzymes
Occurs in: liver primarily
Also: Kinsey’s lungs intestines and blood

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17
Q

Factors Influencing rate of metabolism of medication

A

Age
Increase in some medication metabolizing enzymes
First pass effect
Similar metabolic pathways nutrition status

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18
Q

outcomes of metabolism

A

increased renal excretion of medication, inactivation of medications, increased therapeutic effect, activation of premedication’s into active forms, dec. toxicity when active forms of meds become inactive; increased toxicity when inactive forms of med. become active forms

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19
Q

excretion

A

elimination of meds from body

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20
Q

where does drug elimination take place

A

primarily kidney’s

also: liver, lungs, intestines, exocrine glands (breast milk)

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21
Q

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

A

min amount of medication required to create therapeutic effect

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22
Q

medication dosing attempts to regulate medication response to maintain plasma levels between

A

min. effective concentration and the toxic concentration

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23
Q

therapeutic index

A

depends on if drug has high or low therapeutic index; route of administration

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24
Q

nursing process

A

assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation

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25
Q

non- adherence

A

due to lack of resource or inability to take due to uncontrolled circumstances

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26
Q

noncompliance

A

patient does not want to take meds/ wont take

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27
Q

enteral

A

drug is absorbed into systemic circulation through mucosa of stomach and or small/large intestines
goes through first pass
oral, rectal, sublingual

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28
Q

do sublingual medication go through first pass

A

no, even though they are enteral

29
Q

what is the fastest enteral drug route

A

sublingual

30
Q

parenteral

A

shots/invasive

injectable form/solutions

31
Q

parenteral injection types

A

subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, IV (fastest)

32
Q

topicals

A

aerosols, ointments, creams, pastes

33
Q

types of topicals

A

transdermal, inhalation, intraocular, vaginal, inhaler

34
Q

first pass

A

when drugs are inactivated or diverted by liver before reaching general circulation and site of action

35
Q

how does malnourishment effect drug distribution?

A

have decreased albumin which decreases plasma protein binding sites for medications= more free drug which leads to toxicity

36
Q

how does circulation affect drug distribution?

A

poor circulation decreases distribution and good= increased circulation
poor distribution to bone and brain bc Connective tissue poorly vascularize

37
Q

what enzyme in liver helps metabolize

lipid soluble medications?

A

cytochrome P 450

38
Q

what decreased metabolism of drugs?

A

CV disease, renal insufficiency, starvation, obstructive jaundice, slow acetylators

39
Q

fast acetylators

A

metabolize medication more quickly

40
Q

slow/fast acetylators

A

the enzyme in the liver either responds slower or faster in the liver, it is a gene trait in the liver enzyme

41
Q

what increases metabolism of medications?

A

fast acetylators, barbiturates, rifampin, phenytoin

42
Q

medication half life

A

the time it takes for half of the original amount of a drug to be removed

43
Q

onset

A

time it takes for drug to elicit a therapeutic response

44
Q

peak

A

time it takes for a drug to reach its max therapeutic response

45
Q

duration

A

the amount of time /duration that the drug concentration is enough to elicit a therapeutic response

46
Q

mechanism of action

A

how the drug works

47
Q

drugs produce actions/therapeutic effects by:

A

modifying rate at which target cells or tissue fx

modifying the fx of the target cells or tissue

48
Q

agonst

A

bind to the receptor and response occurs

49
Q

partial agonist

A

binds to receptor and acts as agonist/antagosit

50
Q

antagonist

A

bind to receptor preventing binding of agonists and endogenous compounds

51
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

describes interactions between medications and target cells, body systems, and organs to produce effects

52
Q

negligence

A

general term denotes conduct lacking in due care, carelessness, deviation from standard care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances
DOES NOT involve intent, just made a mistake

53
Q

malpractice

A

failure of professional to act in accordance w/ professional standards, knew you should have done it but didn’t- INTENT is involved

54
Q

therapeutic range/index

A

range between min. effective concentration and toxic level

55
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

refers to how medications travel through the body

56
Q

what is the most common route of administration?

A

oral or enteral

57
Q

sublingual enteral route

A

under tongue

swallowing before absorption = inactivation d/t gastric PH

58
Q

topical routes/kinds

A

transdermal, eye, ear, nose, rectal suppositories, vaginal

59
Q

transdermal

A

medication in skin patch, absorbed through skin

systemic effects

60
Q

inhalation routes/kinds

A

MDI- metered dose inhaler

DPI- dry-powder inhalers

61
Q

intradermal (parenteral)

A

for TB test or allergy tests- between dermis skin layers

62
Q

subcutaneous

A

insulin/heparin, injected into fat pad areas (abdomen, thigh)

63
Q

intramuscular

A

used for irritating medications;

64
Q

advantages to parenteral admin

A

use for poorly soluble medications

use for admin. meds that have slow absorption for an extended period of time

65
Q

parenteral

A

intradermal, subq/IM/IV, epidural

66
Q

non-first pass routes

A

routes that bypass the liver and are not inactivated or diverted before reaching the site of action/circulation

67
Q

distribution

A

transport drug of drug via bodily fluids to its site of action through circulation, cell membrane permeability

68
Q

what can alter metabolism of medications

A

health of liver, presence of various diseases and other medications

Pharm 1 (7 decks)

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