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NUR414 > Exam 1 medications > Flashcards

Exam 1 medications Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal for ALL antiseizure pharmacotherapy?

A

suppress neuronal activity enough to prevent abnormal or repetitive firing

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2
Q

what antiseizure drugs mimic the effects of GABA by stimulating an influx of chloride ions

A
  • barbiturates
  • benzodiazepines
  • GABA modulators
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3
Q

effective treatment for all seizures except absence seizures - inhibit impulse conduction in RAS to depress the cerebral cortex and motor nerve output, altering cerebellar function via ionic channel influence

A

barbiturates

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4
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of phenobarbital?

A
  • pharm: barbiturate; GABA receptor agonist
  • therapeutic: antiseizure
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5
Q

what are the indications of phenobarbital?

A

treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and cortical focal seizures; can be used as emergency control status of epilepticus

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6
Q

what is the mechanism of action for phenobarbital?

A

enhances the actions of GABA neurotransmitter and suppresses abnormal neuronal discharges

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7
Q

what drug has the following adverse effects: dependence CNS depression, vitamin deficiencies, laryngospasm (difficult to breath and speak), increased sensitivity to pain?

A

phenobarbital

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8
Q

what drug has the following symptoms if it becomes toxic: nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), ataxia, respiratory depression, coma, pinpoint pupils, hypotension, death?

A

phenobarbital

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9
Q

cause muscle relaxation and anxiety relief without affecting cortical functions - stabilize nerve membranes throughout the CNS to decrease excitability

A

benzodiazepines

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10
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of diazepam?

A
  • pharm: benzodiazepine; GABA receptor agonist
  • therapeutic: antiseizure
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11
Q

what is the mechanism of action for diazepam?

A

intensifies GABA in the brain suppressing neuronal activity

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12
Q

what are the indications for diazepam?

A

treat status epilepticus and severe recurrent convulsive seizures; management of epilepsy in patients who require intermittent use for control

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13
Q

what drug is administered if there is an overdose of diazepam?

A

flumazenil

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14
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: CNS depression, constipation, dry mouth, anorexia, cardiac arrhythmias, BP changes, urinary retentions, incontinence, brady- and tachycardia

A

diazepam

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15
Q

modulate GABA inhibitor neurotransmitter to treat absence seizures

A

GABA modulators

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16
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of valproic acid?

A
  • pharm: valproate; phenytoin-like drug
  • therapeutic: antiseizure
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17
Q

what is the mechanism of action of valproic acid?

A

increases GABA activity at inhibitory receptors and desensitizes sodium channels

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18
Q

which of the following drugs has these adverse effects: limited CNS depression, visual disturbances, ataxia, vertigo, headache, hepatoxicity, hyperammonemia, thrombocytopenia

A

valproic acid

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19
Q

what antiseizure drugs suppress sodium influx?

A

hydantoin, carbamazepine, amino acid compounds

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20
Q

delays sodium channels, stabilizing nerve membranes throughout the CNS directly influencing ionic channels in the cellular membrane to decrease excitability

A

hydantoins

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21
Q

what drug has the following symptoms when it becomes toxic: unusual bleeding, liver and brain disease, heart block, hypoglycemia, connective tissue disturbances

A

hydantoins

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22
Q

what are the indications of phenytoin?

A

treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures

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23
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of phenytoin?

A
  • pharm: hydantoin; sodium-influx suppressing drug
  • therapeutic: antiseizure, antidysrhythmic
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24
Q

what is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?

A

desensitizes sodium channels to prevent spread of abnormal electrical charges in the brain that produce seizures - highly protein bound drug that is to be administered with a filter on the IV and is placed into a larger vein

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25
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: harmless pinkish red or brown urine, gingival hyperplasia double vision, cognitive impairment, fatigue, tremor, headache, dysrhythmias, hypotension, SJS, n/v

A

phenytoin

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26
Q

what is the therapeutic range for phenytoin?

A

10-20mcg/mL

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27
Q

what are the indications for carbamazepine?

A

treatment of generalized and focal seizures in addition to trigeminal neuralgia

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28
Q

what is the mechanism of action for carbamazepine?

A

extended release for desensitizing sodium channels preventing the spread of abnormal electrical charges in the brain that produce seizures

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29
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: CV complications, hepatitis, drowsiness, ataxia, dizziness, SJS, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)?

A

carbamazepine

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30
Q

reduce brain excitability by suppressing positive ion influxes - Na+ primarily

A

amino acid compounds

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31
Q

which amino acid compound is used to treat absence seizures?

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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32
Q

which amino acid compound is used to treat focal seizures?

A

sodium channel blocker

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33
Q

what antiseizure drugs suppress calcium influx?

A

succinimides and GABA analogues

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34
Q

believed to delay calcium influx into the neurons inhibiting neural pathways of the brain to suppress abnormal activity - treat absence seizures

A

succinimides

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35
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of ethosuximide?

A
  • pharm: succinimides
  • therapeutic: antiseizure
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36
Q

what is the mechanism of action for ethosuximide?

A

suppresses calcium

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37
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: mood swings, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, fatigue, ataxia, sleep disturbances, epigastric pain, myelosuppression

A

ethosuximide

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38
Q

believed to bind to calcium channels - structured similar to GABA

A

GABA analogues

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39
Q

what are the indictions for gabapentin?

A

treatment of focal onset seizures with and without secondary generalization; also for neuralgia and restless leg syndrome

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40
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of gabapentin?

A
  • pharm: GABA analogue
  • therapeutic: antiseizure
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41
Q

what is the mechanism of action for gabapentin?

A

binds to voltage-activated calcium channels

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42
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: eosinophili, drowsiness, ataxia, dizziness, peripheral edema, fatigue, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), hypersensitivity with angioedema

A

gabapentin

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43
Q

extracted from willow bark, popular trees, and other plants to be used for mild to moderate pain - available OTC and prescription

A

NSAIDS/salicylates

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44
Q

what are the indications for aspirin?

A

pain, fever, anti-platelet aggregation

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45
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of aspirin?

A
  • pharm: salicylate
  • therapeutic: anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-platelet
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46
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: n/v, heartburn, epigastric discomfort, blood loss, tinnitus, acidosis, salicylism toxicity

A

aspirin

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47
Q

which drug has the following symptoms if it becomes toxic: buzzing or ringing in ears, balance issues, gait issue, vertigo, dark urine

A

aspirin

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48
Q

what are the indications for acetaminophen?

A

mild to moderate pain and fever

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49
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes for acetaminophen?

A
  • pharm: non-opioid
  • therapeutic: antipyretic; analgesic
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50
Q

what is the mechanism of action for acetaminophen?

A

acts directly on the hypothalamus to cause vasodilation and sweating to reduce a fever

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51
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: rash, fever, chest pain, liver toxicity and failure, myelosuppression

A

acetaminophen

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52
Q

natural and/or synthetic narcotics to suppress pain impulses by activating mu and kappa receptors

A

opioid agonists

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53
Q

natural and/or synthetic narcotics to suppress pain impulses by blocking mu and kappa receptors

A

opioid antagonists

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54
Q

pain-blocking receptors

A

mu receptors

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55
Q

associated with some analgesia, pupillary constriction, sedation, and dysphoria (feeling of discomfort)

A

kappa receptors

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56
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: respiratory depression, cough suppression, orthostatic hypotension, circulatory depression, shock/coma, tachycardia

A

opioids

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57
Q

what are the indications for opioids?

A

moderate to acute severe pain

58
Q

what are the 3 opioids?

A
  • morphine
  • hydromorphone
  • fentanyl
59
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of the 3 opioids?

A
  • pharm: opioid receptor agonist
  • therapeutic: analgesic
60
Q

what is the mechanism of action for the 3 opioids?

A

binds with mu and kappa opioid receptors in CNS

61
Q

what drug can be administered if a patient ODs on an opioid?

A

naloxone

62
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, anxiety, fear, hallucinations, impaired mental processes

A

opioid agonist-antagonist/buprenorphine

63
Q

what are the indications for buprenorphine?

A

relief of moderate to severe pain and treatment of moderate to severe opioid use disorder

64
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of buprenorphine?

A
  • pharm: opioid receptor agonist-antagonist
  • therapeutic: analgesic
65
Q

what is the mechanism of action for burprenorphine?

A

partial agonist at mu receptor and weak kappa and delta antagonist

66
Q

drugs that bind strongly to opioid receptors but does not activate them

A

opioid receptor antagonist

67
Q

what are the indications for naloxone?

A

complete or partial reversal effects of opioids

68
Q

what is the pharmacologic class for naloxone?

A

opioid receptor antagonist

69
Q

what is the mechanism of action for naloxone?

A

reverses effects of opioids

70
Q

serotonin agonists constricting blood vessels

A

triptans

71
Q

interact with adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonin receptors to constrict cranial blood vessels and decrease pulsation of cranial arteries to terminate active migraines

A

ergot derivatives

72
Q

block CGRP receptors to prevent and/or treat headaches

A

CGRP inhibitors

73
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of sumatriptan?

A
  • pharm: triptan
  • therapeutic: antimigraine
74
Q

what are the indications for sumatriptan?

A

abort migraines with or without auras

75
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: dizziness, vertigo, weakness, myalgia (muscle pain), BP alterations, tightness/pressure in chest

A

sumatriptan

76
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of ergotamine?

A
  • pharm: ergot derivative
  • therapeutic: antimigraine
77
Q

what are the indications for ergotamine?

A

prevention or abortion of vascular headaches

78
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: numbness/tingling in toes and fingers, muscle pain in extremities, precordial distress (pinched nerve feeling)

A

ergotamine

79
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of galcanezumab?

A
  • pharm: CGRP inhibitor
  • therapeutic: antimigraine
80
Q

what are the indications for galcanezumab?

A

prevention and treatment of migraines and treatment of episodic cluster headache

81
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: hypersensitivity and injection site reactions

A

galcanezumab

82
Q

what are the goals of muscle relaxants

A

minimize pain and discomfort, increase range of motion, improve ability to function independently

83
Q

origin of drug action is in the CNS to treat local spasms resulting from muscular injury - inhibit motor neurons within the brain/spinal cord

A

centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants

84
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of baclofen?

A
  • pharm: GABA analogue
  • therapeutic: centrally acting muscle relaxant
85
Q

what are the indications for baclofen?

A

alleviation of spasticity for spinal cord injuries or diseases

86
Q

what is the mechanism of action for baclofen?

A

exact mechanisms is unknown but believed to inhibit monosynaptic and polysynaptic spinal reflexes - CNS depressant

87
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: CNS depression, transient drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, constipation, hypotension, insomnia

A

baclofen

88
Q

work at neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscles producing antispasmodic effect at muscle tissue level to suppress hyperactive reflexes and release of calcium ions

A

direct-acting antispasmodics

89
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of dantrolene sodium?

A
  • pharm: direct-acting antispasmodic and calcium release blocker
  • therapeutic: skeletal muscle relaxant
90
Q

what are the indications for dantrolene sodium?

A

control of clinical spasticity resulting from upper motor neuron disorders

91
Q

what is the mechanism of action for dantrolene sodium?

A

interferes with release of calcium ions in the skeletal muscle

92
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, hepatitis, myalgia (muscle pain), tachycardia, transient BP changes, rash

A

dantrolene sodium

93
Q

alpha 1 is responsible for…

A

BP, contracted piloerection muscles, pupil dilation, thickened salivary secretions, male sexual emission, closure of urinary bladder sphincter

94
Q

alpha 2 is responsible for…

A

moderation of insulin release and norepinephrine release

95
Q

beta 1 is responsible for…

A

increase HR, increased conduction through AV node, increased myocardial contraction, lipolysis in peripheral tissues

96
Q

beta 2 is responsible for…

A

vasodilation, bronchodilation, increased breakdown of muscle and liver glycogen, release glucagon, relaxation of uterine smooth muscle, decrease GI

97
Q

beta 3 is responsible for…

A

increased metabolism and lipolysis, increased bladder capacity

98
Q

how do muscarinic receptors affect smooth muscle?

A

pupil constriction, accommodation of the lens, decreased HR, increased GI, increased urinary bladder contraction, male erection, sweating

99
Q

how do nicotinic receptors affect skeletal muscle?

A

muscle contractions, release norepinephrine, autonomic ganglia stimulation

100
Q

what are indications for nonselective adrenergic agonists?

A

heart failure, shock, hypotension, anaphylaxis, bronchospasm,

101
Q

what are indications of dopamine?

A

correction of hemodynamic imbalances present in shock

102
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of dopamine?

A
  • pharm: nonselective adrenergic agonist, vasoconstrictor
  • therapeutic: drug for hemodynamic imbalances, antihypotensive
103
Q

what is the mechanism of action for dopamine?

A

acts directly and by the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals - mediates dilation of vessels in renal and splanchnic beds

104
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: tachycardia, ectopic beats, anginal pain (chest pain), dyspnea, n/v

A

dopamine

105
Q

what are the indications for phenylephrine?

A

vascular failure in shock or drug-induced hypotension and prolonged spinal anesthesia

106
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of phenylephrine?

A
  • pharm: alpha 1 selective agonist
  • therapeutic: antihypotensive, nasal/eye/ear decongestant, mydriatic drug
107
Q

what is the mechanism of action for phenylephrine?

A

vasoconstriction and raises systolic and diastolic BP

108
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: fear, anxiety, restlessness, nausea, decreased urine formation, pallor, hypertension

A

phenylephrine

109
Q

what is the use of alpha blockers

A

treat hypertension and decrease symptoms of BPH/enlarged prostate

110
Q

what is the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of doxazosin?

A
  • pharm: selective alpha 1 adrenergic-blocking
  • therapeutic: antihypertensive, BPH agent
111
Q

what are the indications for doxazosin?

A

treat mild to moderation hypertension and BPH

112
Q

what is the mechanism of action for doxazosin?

A

reduces total peripheral resistance through alpha blockage

113
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: hypotension, fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, tachycardia, edema, nausea, dyspepsia (discomfort in abdomen), diarrhea, retrograde ejaculation

A

doxazosin

114
Q

what are the indications for nonselective beta blockers?

A

glaucome, ocular hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, syncope (passing out), migraines

115
Q

what are the effects of blocking beta 1?

A

decrease BP and pulse, reduces cardiac contractility, mask symptoms of hypoglycemia in diabetes

116
Q

what are the effects of blocking beta 2?

A

bronchoconstriction, inhibit glycogenolysis

117
Q

what are the effects of cholinergic agonists?

A

decrease HR and BP, vasodilation, relax sphincter muscles, increase peristalsis, constrict pupils, bronchial constriction, increase secretions, increase salivation, maintain muscle strength and tone

118
Q

what are the indications for direct acting cholinergic-muscarinic agonist?

A

increase bladder tone, urinary excretion, and GI secretions as well as relieve increased glaucoma

119
Q

what is the mechanism of action for direct acting cholinergic-muscarinic agonist?

A

similar to ACh and react directly with receptor sites

120
Q

what are the indications for bethanechol?

A

acute postoperative or postpartum nonobstructive urinary retention, neurogenic atony of bladder with retention

121
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes for bethanechol?

A
  • pharm: direct-acting muscarinic cholinergic agonist
  • therapeutic: nonobstructive urinary retention
122
Q

what is the mechanism of action for bethanechol?

A

acts directly on cholinergic receptors to mimic effects of ACh, increasing tone of detrusor muscles causing emptying of bladder

123
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: abdominal discomfort, salivation, n/v, sweating, flushing

A

bethanechol

124
Q

what are the indications for direct acting cholinergic agonist nicotinic?

A

smoking cessation, nicotine withdrawal/abstinence

125
Q

what are the indications for varenicline?

A

smoking cessation

126
Q

what is the mechanism of action for varenicline?

A

binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acts as an agonist while preventing nicotine from binding

127
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of varenicline?

A
  • pharm: direct acting cholinergic agonist nicotinic
  • therapeutic: smoking cessation
128
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: n/v, vivid dreams, constipation, flatulence, seizures, neuropsychiatric adverse effects, depression, mania, psychosis, hallucination, skin reactions, angioedema

A

varenicline

129
Q

what are the indications of pyridostigmine?

A

increased survival after exposure to nerve gas, antidote for nondepolarizing neuromuscular junction blockers, myasthenia gravis

130
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes of pyridostigmine?

A
  • pharm: indirect acting cholinergic agonist
  • therapeutic: drug used for MG
131
Q

what is the mechanism of action for pyridostigmine?

A

reversible cholinesterase inhibitor the increases the levels of ACh, facilitating transmission at neuromuscular junction

132
Q

react chemically with acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft to prevent ACh breakdown

A

indirect-acting cholinergic agonists

133
Q

what is the mechanism of action for anticholinergic agent?

A

inhibit parasympathetic nervous system by blocking acetylcholine receptors at muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites

134
Q

what are indications for anticholinergic agents?

A

COPD, bradycardia, decreasing secretions, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, hyperactive bowel

135
Q

what are the effects of anticholinergics?

A

increase HR(large doses), decrease HR(smaller doses), bronchodilation, decrease secretion, relax smooth muscle tone, increase sphincter constriction, dilate pupils, decrease salivation, decrease tremors

136
Q

what are side effects of anticholinergics?

A

dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, dilation of pupils, decreased muscle rigidity, tachycardia, drowsiness

137
Q

what are the indications for atropine?

A

decrease secretions pre-op, parkinsonism, bradycardia, antidote for cholinergic OD

138
Q

what are the pharmacologic and therapeutic classes for atropine?

A
  • pharm: anticholinergic
  • therapeutic: anticholinesterase poisoning
139
Q

what is the mechanism of action for atropine?

A

competitively blocks acetylcholine muscarinic receptor sites - blocking effects of parasympathetic nervous system

140
Q

which drug has the following adverse effects: blurred vision, photophobia, palpitations, tachycardia, dry mouth, altered taste perceptions, urinary retention, decreased sweating, dilated pupils, cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscles in the eyes)

A

atropine

NUR414 (4 decks)

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