Exam 1 Material

Question 1

osteokinematic motion

Answer 1

occurs when any object forms the radius of an imaginary circle about a fixed point

Question 2

Axes of the body

Answer 2

3 reference axes are used to describe human motion: frontal, sagittal, and longitudinal
the axis around which the movement takes place is always perpendicular to the plane in which it occurs

Question 3

Frontal Axis of the Body

Answer 3

perpendicular to the sagittal plane

includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 4

Sagittal Axis of the Body

Answer 4

perpendicular to the frontal plane
abduction, adduction, lateral flexion of the trunk, evelation and depression of the shoulder girdle, radial/ulnar deviation of the wrist, inversion/eversion of the foot

Question 5

Longitudinal axis of the Body

Answer 5

aka vertical axis
perpendicular to the transverse plane
rotation of the head, neck and trunk; internal/external rotation of the arm/leg; adduction/abduction of the arm or thigh; pronation/supination of the forearm

Question 6

Arthrokinematic movements

Answer 6

motions occurring at joint surfaces
3 types of movement generally occur at articulations:
roll, spin, glide

Question 7

close-packed position

Answer 7

the end of travel in a joint whereby the surfaces are at maximum congruency, ligaments are taut, and further movement in that direction of travel may result in dislocation and/or fracture

movement toward the close-packed position of a joint involve an element of joint compression

Question 8

open-packed position

Answer 8

the position of travel of a joint away from the close packed position where the capsule and ligaments are not taut
extreme movement in that direction usually results in sprain/strain

Question 9

force

Answer 9

a vector quantity, with magnitude, direction, and point of application to a body

Question 10

load

Answer 10

the type of force applied

Question 11

stress

Answer 11

the force per unit area that occurs on a cross section of a structure in response to an externally applied load

Question 12

strain

Answer 12

the deformation that occurs within a structure in response to externally applied loads

Question 13

hysteresis

Answer 13

the difference in behavior of a tissue when it is being loaded versus unloaded

Question 14

creep

Answer 14

when a load remains, and a connective tissue is subjected to a sustained stress, the collagen fibers realign in the direction of stress and water/proteoglycans are displaced from between the fibers
once creep occurs, the tissue has difficulty returning to its initial length

Question 15

Plastic Deformation

Answer 15

occurs when a tissue remains deformed and does not recover its prestress length

Question 16

Ligamentous Injury

Answer 16

grade 1- painful, but not unstable or swollen
grade 2- incomplete tear with mild laxity and instability
grade 3- severe, complete disruption the ligament with gross instability and laxity, loss of function

Question 17

Tendons

Answer 17

connects muscle to bone
causes of a tendon injury center around microtrauma to the tendon tissue due to repetitive mechanical loading from external factors

Question 18

tendinosis

Answer 18

a degenerative process of the tendon

Question 19

tendinitis

Answer 19

implies an inflammatory reaction to a tendon injury

Question 20

Concave- convex rule

Answer 20

each joint/articulation involves two bony surfaces, one that is convex and one that is concave

Question 21

when the concave surface is fixed:

Answer 21

and the convex surface moves on it, the convex surface rolls and glides in opposite directions

Question 22

when the convex surface is fixed:

Answer 22

and the concave surface moves on it, the concave surface rolls and glides in the same direction

Question 23

Aching pain

Answer 23

muscle, tendon, ligament

Question 24

Bounding pain

Answer 24

vascular, circulation

Question 25

burning pain

Answer 25

nerve root, arterial

Question 26

cramp

Answer 26

muscle

Question 27

Boring, deep pain

Answer 27

cancer, bone pain

Question 28

unrelenting deep pain

Answer 28

cancer, visceral

Question 29

dull pain

Answer 29

musculoskeletal, visceral

Question 30

gnawing pain

Answer 30

ulcer

Question 31

well delineated, radiating pain

Answer 31

nerve (causalgia- burning pain from peripheral nerve)

Question 32

diffuse radiating

Answer 32

sclerotogenous or myogenous

Question 33

sharp/localized pain

Answer 33

facet, visceral referred

Question 34

stabbing pain

Answer 34

visceral

Question 35

shooting pain

Answer 35

nerve root, entrapment

Question 36

tearing pain

Answer 36

anuerysm or severe sprain

Question 37

throbbing pain

Answer 37

vascular, circulation

Question 38

segmental tingling

Answer 38

nerve root, peripheral nerve

Question 39

non segmental tingling

Answer 39

bilateral: cord compression, MS, diabetes
unilateral: plexus