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Biochem 2 > Exam 1 material > Flashcards

Exam 1 material Flashcards

1
Q

4th of the 4 group of major biological macromolecules.

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Major types of nucleic acid are

A

DNA & RNA

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3
Q

DNA & RNA are polymers of _________

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

Nucleotides are composed of 3 components

A

Nitrogenous base

Pentose sugar

Phosphate group

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5
Q

A _______ is a nucleotide without the phosphate.

A

Nucleoside

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6
Q

DNA contains nucleotides composed of ________.

A

Deoxyribose

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7
Q

RNA contains nucleotides composed of ________.

A

ribose

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8
Q

A nucleotide of DNA contains one of the following nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

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9
Q

Which two nucleotides are purines? and pyrimidines?

A

Adenine Guanine are purines

Cytosine thymine are pyrimidines

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10
Q

A nucleotide of RNA contains the same nitrogenous bases except _______.

& _______ is presented instead.

A

Thymine

Uracil

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11
Q

Nucleotides are linked to each other covalently by __________ bonds.

A

phosphodiester

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12
Q

Nucleotide polymers exhibit _________.

Two examples:

A

Directionality

DNA & RNA

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13
Q

Nucleotide polymers also exhibit _________, determined by the sequence of bases.

A

Individuality

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14
Q

Phosphodiester bonds are very ______. Broken by ________.

A

Stable

Nucleases

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15
Q

Phosphodiester bonds undergo slow, ________ _______ when isolated from cells.

A

Non-emzymatic hydrolysis

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16
Q

RNA is rapidly hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions, but DNA is not? Why?

A

The presence or absence of the hydroxyl group of 2’

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17
Q

DNA is most often found as a __________ molecule, twisted in a _________ shape. The DNA strands are _______

A

Double stranded

Helical

Anti-parallel

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18
Q

2 DNA strands that make up dsDNA are ________.

A

complimentary

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19
Q

G always ______ hydrogen bonds with __ to form G_ base pairs.

A

Triple

C

GC

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20
Q

A always _____ hydrogen bonds with __ to from A_ base pairs.

A

Double

T

AT

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21
Q

This structual property allows for __________.

A

DNA self replication

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22
Q

dsDNA can exhibit unusual structures that are __________.

2 examples :

A

sequence dependent

Palindrome

Mirror repeat

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23
Q

If both strands are present they form a _________

A
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24
Q

What is not Sequence dependent?

A

Supercoiling

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25
Q

When dsDNA ______ (loses its 2* structure) when H-bonds break.

A

Denatures

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26
Q

What kind of interaction are H-bonds?

A

Weak interactions

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27
Q

________ & _______ cause dsDNA to denature.

A

High temperatures and pH extremes

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28
Q

The temp at which a molecule of DNA is 50% denatures is the ___ .

A

Tm (melting temperature)

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29
Q

Tm is _________ on the base compostition of the DNA.

A

dependent

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30
Q

The _________ effect when dsDNA denatures?

A

Hyperchromic

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31
Q

dsDNA absorbs ____ of light. Following denaturation, the amount of ___ light absorbed is ________.

A

260nm

260nm

Greater

32
Q

________increases due to decreased base stacking.

A

Absorbance

33
Q

The base sequence of a strand of DNA can be determined by the ______________. (3words)

A

Sanger sequence method

34
Q

Today, what is still preferred DNA sequencer method?

A

Sanger sequence method

35
Q

Sequence reaction mixtures contain:

List the 5 things

A
  1. Denatured DNA to be sequenced
  2. DNA polymerase
  3. A short oligonucleotide to serve as the primer for DNA polymerase.
  4. Mixtures of the 4 dNTPs
  5. ddNTP (dideoxynucleosidetriphosphate) serving as chain terminators.
36
Q

Bottom of the gel represents the ___ end.

A

5’

37
Q

Lowest band tells you what ___________.

A

kind of fragment it is

38
Q

There are __ different dyes, each emitting their own wavelengths once they’re excited.

A

4

39
Q

Separating fragments by ____.

A

size

40
Q

The detector detects the ________ & what the _______ emission off the band.

A

fluorescence

maximum

41
Q

The nucleotide sequence of DNA encodes the primary structure of all RNAs and proteins, and through enzymes, indirectly affect the synthesis of all other cellular constituents, it is imperative for organisms to be able to make copies of this information, during what process?

A

DNA replication

42
Q

The passage of information from DNA, to RNA and protein guides the ____, _____, & _______ of every living thing.

A

size

shape

function

43
Q

Each DNA strand serves as a template (pattern_ for the synthesis of a new, _____________.

A

complimentary DNA strand

44
Q

Each new Dna molecules has one old strand and one new strand, this is known as _________.

A

Semiconservative replication

45
Q

_______________ was proved by meselson & stahl in the late 1950’s

A

Semiconservative DNA replication

46
Q

DNA is divided into 3 stages, what is the first stage?

A
  1. Initiation of Replication
    - begins at the origin or replication called the oriC.
47
Q

DNA is divided into 3 stages, what is the second stage?

A
  1. Elongation
    - synthesis of new DNA
48
Q

DNA is divided into 3 stages, what is the third stage?

A
  1. Termination
    - replication forks meet and synthesis ends.
49
Q

Begins at the origin or replication called oriC.

A

Initiation of replication

50
Q

Synthesis of new DNA

A

Elongation

51
Q

Replication forks meet and synthesis ends.

A

Termination

52
Q

______ must open so that synthesis of new DNA can occur on single strands.

A

dsDNA

53
Q

___________ catalyzes synthesis in a 5’ —> 3’ direction.

A

DNA polymerase

54
Q

What contains 245 base pairs?

A

OriC

55
Q

Binding of the DnaA protein results in the formation of a _________ .

A

Loop structure

56
Q

Binding of the HU protein, DnaB protein and Dna C protein cause _____ ____ ______.

A

Localized DNA melting

57
Q

prevents annealing of the ssDNA back to dsDNA, ___- _____ _____ _____ attach to the ssDNA.

A
58
Q
A
59
Q

In stage 2 -Elongation. once a small, melted area of DNA has been formed during initiation, ___ ______ can begin.

A

DNA synthesis

60
Q

Synthesis will occur on each of the two strands of ssDNA essentially ________.

A

simultaneously

61
Q

During leading strand synthesis, primase binds and synthesizes a ___-___ nt long RNA primer. Primase is part of a larger protein complex called the _______.

A

10-60 nt long, Primosome

62
Q

Dna polymerase ||| binds to the primer and begins synthesizing new DNA by adding ________.

A

deoxynucleotides

63
Q

Once replication begins it doesn’t stop, and only needs ____ primer on leading strand.

A

one

64
Q

During lagging strand synthesis, primase synthesizes a _____ RNA primer.

A

short

65
Q

The short DNA fragments is called an ______ _______.

A

okazaki fragments

66
Q

The primosome moves along the ______ strand, keeping pace ith the opening ____ _____. At intervals it synthesizes RNA primers.

A

lagging strand, replication fork

67
Q

DNA polymerase ||| adds deoxynucleotides to the ends of the primer to make ________ ____.

A

complimentary DNA

68
Q

RNA primers are removed by the 5’–>3’ exonuclease activity of _____

A

DNA polymerase |

69
Q

DNA polymerase | fills the gap left by the removed RNA by adding ________

A

deoxynucleotides

70
Q

a missing phosphodiester bond is called

A

a nick

71
Q

A _____ ( a missing phosphodiester bond) is left after removal of primers by DNA polymerase |. The nicked are sealed by ___ ____.

A

nick, DNA ligase

72
Q

BActeria cells actually contain __ different DNA polymerases.

A

3

73
Q

DNA polymerase || is involved in ___ typer of DNA repair.

A

one

74
Q

A few differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication:

A

-eukaryotic chromosomes are up to 1000x larger than prokaryotic. - eukaryotic DNA has multiple origins of replication. -Nucleosomes must be disassembled before replication. - Okazaki fragments are smaller in eukaryotes.

75
Q
A

Biochem 2 (7 decks)

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