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ANEQ 551 > Exam 1: Lesions and sanitization protocol > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lesions and sanitization protocol Flashcards

1
Q

Know what the different types of lesions look like

A
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2
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Area of tissue or organ that has an abnormal change caused by disease or trauma

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3
Q

What is the sanitization protocol?

A
  1. Remove organic material
  2. Rinse and follow with detergent
  3. Rise off detergent (controlling 90-95% of organisms)
  4. Use a sanitizer (chlorox, chlorohexadine)
  5. Rinse and dry (~99.8% of organisms controlled)

If there is organic material left on the surface, it will deactivate detergents and sanitizers

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4
Q

What is an abcess?

A

Swollen area with accumulation of purulent material

Necrotic tissue

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5
Q

Where can abcesses be located?

A

In the body or on the skin

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6
Q

T/F: Viruses form abcesses

A

False

Viruses do not form abcesses

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7
Q

Describe pulmonary abscesses

A
  • Usually present with chronic pneumonia
  • Nasopharynx bacteria aspirated
  • Potential for systemic spread
  • Bacteria will colonize on the lungs and cause abcesses
  • Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease
  • Rumen bacteria can travel to the lungs due to severe acidosis
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8
Q

Describe liver abscesses

A
  • Most commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria –> Normal microflora of the rumen
  • Commonly seen with acidosis: Transition of roughage to grain ration too quickly; quick fermentation of CHO’s lower pH in the rumen, creating an acidic environment that can erode the rumen wall
  • Bacteremia
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9
Q

Describe kidney abscesses

A

Most often caused by bladder infections
* Bacteria will travel up the ureters to the kidneys
* Bacteria then colonizes in the kidneys: Bumps on kidneys

Bacteremia, impared function, damage to tissues

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10
Q

How are mammary abscesses formed?

A

Caused from severe forms of mastitis
* Normally confined to just one quarter of the utter

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11
Q

Where do ulcers primarily occur?

A

On mucosal surfaces (GI tract)

More often than not in animals, ulcers are not a result of bacteria

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12
Q

What are ulcers?

A

Open sores caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane

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13
Q

Describe laryngeal ulcers

A

Appear more circular
* Will expose cartilage

Can occur from excessive vocalizations
* Stress-related
* Rabies: Most often the cause of these ulcers
* Calf diphtheria

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14
Q

Describe abomasal ulcers

A

Common in:
* Dairy / Feedlot cattle
* GI Tract
* Cattle that tend to go off feed

Can be stress-related
May be hemorrhagic
Associated with: Bovine Viral Diarrhea. Bovine Malignant Catarrhal fever, Abomasal disorders

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15
Q

What are hemorrhages?

A
  • The leaking of blood from blood vessels
  • Caused by trauma, bacteria, viruses, toxins, ischemia, etc.

Blood where it shouldn’t be

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16
Q

What are the types of hemorrhage?

A

Bruising
* Rupturing of blood vessels
* Large area of discoloration
* Related to crushing injuries

Petechial: Localized hemorrhages in the skin or mucous membranes
* “Blood speckling”
* Reddish-purple
* Observed with septicemia and bacterial toxins

Hemorrhage around broken bone is indictive of antemortem trauma

17
Q

How does nutmeg liver occur?

A

Due to right side heart failure: Congestion in blood vessels, and disrupts normal blood flow

18
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A clot forms that blocks normal blood flow and is attached to the wall of the blood vessel it’s located

19
Q

What is embolism?

A

**A portion of the clot moves **through the blood stream

20
Q

What is infarction?

A

Area of necrosis caused from blockage of arterial supply/venous drainage: Prolonged ischemia
* Wedge-shaped and paler than normal tissue
* Causes: Bacteria, viruses, trauma, toxins

21
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Excess deposits of fibrous connective tissue (collagen)
* Excessive scarring response that interferes with normal organ function

22
Q

What are the two types of fibrosis?

A

Fibrin
* Initial adhesion, easy to pull apart
* Yellow/white and stringy

Fibrous
* From chronic infection
* Permanent adhesion, hard to pull apart
* Harder collagen deposits

23
Q

What are the two types of pericaditis?

A

Fibrinous pericarditis
* Both layers covered in yellowish fibrin
* Caused by inflammation from a bacterial infection

Suppurative pericarditis
* Known as “Hardware disease”
* Caused by foreign objects puncturing through the diaphragm into the pericardium

24
Q

What is endocarditis?

A
  • Heart valves are covered in fibrin
  • Caused by a septicemia (bacterial infection)

Has a “Cauliflower” apperance

25
Q

What is pleuritis?

A
  • Inflammation of the pleural layers that surround the lungs
  • Caused by bacterial infections and pneumonia
  • Tough fibrous connections create a restrictive environment: Makes it difficult for lungs to inflate
26
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum
* Caused by bacterial infection
* Idiopathic (relating to another disease)
* Chemical irritants (bile, urine, drugs)

Layers become yellowish and thick (fibrin)

27
Q

What is metritis?

A

Reproductive disorder
* Inflammation of uterine wall
* Accumulation of postpartum secretions, bacteria, and products of inflammatory response
* Can become systemic
* Can be treated with antibiotics

28
Q

What is pyometra?

A

Reproductive disorder
* Purulent material accumulation in the uterus
* Caused by presistent CL after calving, Bulls infecting cows with a protozoa
* Will mimic pregnancy
* Can be treated with prostaglandins

29
Q

What is a septal defect?

A

When the interventricular septum does not develop fully
* Blood can flow between left and right ventricles

30
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Trapped air between the tissues in the lungs
* Usually caused by pneumonia
* Alveolar walls rupture
* Grayish and translucent

Creation of bulla
* Bubble of air between connective tissues

31
Q

What is hepatic lipidosis?

A

Occurs when animals are in a negative energy balance
* Body will mobilize fat quickly

Liver becomes overloaded with fat and begins to store it
* Fat Cow Syndrome, “fatty liver”
* Yellow pale colorations generally with rounded edges

Similar to ketosis

32
Q

What is pseudomelanosis?

A

Postmortem change
* Characterized by black discolorations

Present bacteria create sulfides that react with iron in the blood

ANEQ 551 (7 decks)

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