Exam 1: Lesions and sanitization protocol Flashcards
Know what the different types of lesions look like
What is a lesion?
Area of tissue or organ that has an abnormal change caused by disease or trauma
What is the sanitization protocol?
- Remove organic material
- Rinse and follow with detergent
- Rise off detergent (controlling 90-95% of organisms)
- Use a sanitizer (chlorox, chlorohexadine)
- Rinse and dry (~99.8% of organisms controlled)
If there is organic material left on the surface, it will deactivate detergents and sanitizers
What is an abcess?
Swollen area with accumulation of purulent material
Necrotic tissue
Where can abcesses be located?
In the body or on the skin
T/F: Viruses form abcesses
False
Viruses do not form abcesses
Describe pulmonary abscesses
- Usually present with chronic pneumonia
- Nasopharynx bacteria aspirated
- Potential for systemic spread
- Bacteria will colonize on the lungs and cause abcesses
- Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease
- Rumen bacteria can travel to the lungs due to severe acidosis
Describe liver abscesses
- Most commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria –> Normal microflora of the rumen
- Commonly seen with acidosis: Transition of roughage to grain ration too quickly; quick fermentation of CHO’s lower pH in the rumen, creating an acidic environment that can erode the rumen wall
- Bacteremia
Describe kidney abscesses
Most often caused by bladder infections
* Bacteria will travel up the ureters to the kidneys
* Bacteria then colonizes in the kidneys: Bumps on kidneys
Bacteremia, impared function, damage to tissues
How are mammary abscesses formed?
Caused from severe forms of mastitis
* Normally confined to just one quarter of the utter
Where do ulcers primarily occur?
On mucosal surfaces (GI tract)
More often than not in animals, ulcers are not a result of bacteria
What are ulcers?
Open sores caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane
Describe laryngeal ulcers
Appear more circular
* Will expose cartilage
Can occur from excessive vocalizations
* Stress-related
* Rabies: Most often the cause of these ulcers
* Calf diphtheria
Describe abomasal ulcers
Common in:
* Dairy / Feedlot cattle
* GI Tract
* Cattle that tend to go off feed
Can be stress-related
May be hemorrhagic
Associated with: Bovine Viral Diarrhea. Bovine Malignant Catarrhal fever, Abomasal disorders
What are hemorrhages?
- The leaking of blood from blood vessels
- Caused by trauma, bacteria, viruses, toxins, ischemia, etc.
Blood where it shouldn’t be
What are the types of hemorrhage?
Bruising
* Rupturing of blood vessels
* Large area of discoloration
* Related to crushing injuries
Petechial: Localized hemorrhages in the skin or mucous membranes
* “Blood speckling”
* Reddish-purple
* Observed with septicemia and bacterial toxins
Hemorrhage around broken bone is indictive of antemortem trauma
How does nutmeg liver occur?
Due to right side heart failure: Congestion in blood vessels, and disrupts normal blood flow
What is thrombosis?
A clot forms that blocks normal blood flow and is attached to the wall of the blood vessel it’s located
What is embolism?
**A portion of the clot moves **through the blood stream
What is infarction?
Area of necrosis caused from blockage of arterial supply/venous drainage: Prolonged ischemia
* Wedge-shaped and paler than normal tissue
* Causes: Bacteria, viruses, trauma, toxins
What is fibrosis?
Excess deposits of fibrous connective tissue (collagen)
* Excessive scarring response that interferes with normal organ function
What are the two types of fibrosis?
Fibrin
* Initial adhesion, easy to pull apart
* Yellow/white and stringy
Fibrous
* From chronic infection
* Permanent adhesion, hard to pull apart
* Harder collagen deposits
What are the two types of pericaditis?
Fibrinous pericarditis
* Both layers covered in yellowish fibrin
* Caused by inflammation from a bacterial infection
Suppurative pericarditis
* Known as “Hardware disease”
* Caused by foreign objects puncturing through the diaphragm into the pericardium
What is endocarditis?
- Heart valves are covered in fibrin
- Caused by a septicemia (bacterial infection)
Has a “Cauliflower” apperance
What is pleuritis?
- Inflammation of the pleural layers that surround the lungs
- Caused by bacterial infections and pneumonia
- Tough fibrous connections create a restrictive environment: Makes it difficult for lungs to inflate
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneum
* Caused by bacterial infection
* Idiopathic (relating to another disease)
* Chemical irritants (bile, urine, drugs)
Layers become yellowish and thick (fibrin)
What is metritis?
Reproductive disorder
* Inflammation of uterine wall
* Accumulation of postpartum secretions, bacteria, and products of inflammatory response
* Can become systemic
* Can be treated with antibiotics
What is pyometra?
Reproductive disorder
* Purulent material accumulation in the uterus
* Caused by presistent CL after calving, Bulls infecting cows with a protozoa
* Will mimic pregnancy
* Can be treated with prostaglandins
What is a septal defect?
When the interventricular septum does not develop fully
* Blood can flow between left and right ventricles
What is emphysema?
Trapped air between the tissues in the lungs
* Usually caused by pneumonia
* Alveolar walls rupture
* Grayish and translucent
Creation of bulla
* Bubble of air between connective tissues
What is hepatic lipidosis?
Occurs when animals are in a negative energy balance
* Body will mobilize fat quickly
Liver becomes overloaded with fat and begins to store it
* Fat Cow Syndrome, “fatty liver”
* Yellow pale colorations generally with rounded edges
Similar to ketosis
What is pseudomelanosis?
Postmortem change
* Characterized by black discolorations
Present bacteria create sulfides that react with iron in the blood
