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A&P 2 > Exam 1 Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for protruding eye

A

Exophthalmos

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2
Q

What is graves disease?
Does it cause Hyper or hypothyroidism

A

Hyper
graves disease( stimulation of TSH receptors by auto antibodies, results in increase TSH and thus higher TH) weird antibodies because most AB destroy things; these stimulate them

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3
Q

What is the benefit of giving radioactive iodine?
Is it used for Hyper or Hypothyroid

A

Hyper
radioactive iodine- will be taken up by iodine pumps and will go into and destroy the thyroid tissue
The thyroid is only thing that uses iodine, so very safe for radioactive iodine

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4
Q

What drug looks very similar to iodine and tricks the iodine pumps? It is used for the treatment of hyperthyroid

A

Thyocyniate

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5
Q

How much more idoine do we need to give to overwhelm the iodine pumps and treat hyperthyroid?

A

100X as much as the daily amount

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6
Q

How many month’s supply of TH do we have in the body

A

About 3 months supply of thyroid hormone

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7
Q

What percent of amiodarone is iodine?

A

35% of it is iodine

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8
Q

Is idonine in circulation ready to go and work in the systemic circulation

A

No it needs to be oxidized first before it is useful by the thyroid.

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9
Q

What autoimmune disease cause hypothyroid?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis( body produces Antibodies that attack gland)

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10
Q

What deficiency can cause hypothyroidism

A

Iodine!- stupid I know

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11
Q

What percent of the population has idiopathic hypothyroidism

A

5%

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12
Q

How does Hypothyroid affect our NMB

A

decreased NMJ excitability- can be more sensitive to NMB agents

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13
Q

What is the synthetic version of thyroid hormone

A

Synthroid- used for hypothyroid treatment

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14
Q

For my class, what is the syndrome/disease process of lack of thyroid hormone during early childhood, stunted growth, irreversible

A

cretinism

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15
Q

Will high TH in childhood allow you to reach NBA star height?

A

Sadly no,
High TH in childhood will grow faster earlier not taller just quicker

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16
Q

For my class, what are some treatment options for a wide array of conditions that cause hypothyroid

A

Can give steroids for treatment or plasmapheresis to skim off the bad antibodies(Hashimotos)
can also give Synthroid or levothyroxine

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17
Q

WHat 2 things control the thyroid gland

A

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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18
Q

What are our circulating thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

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19
Q

What is the base or parent compound for thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine

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20
Q

What is Tyrosine

A

It is an amino acid

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21
Q

What do we call a compound with 1 iodine + tyrosine

A

monoiodotyrosine or T1

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22
Q

What do we call a compound with 2 iodine + tyrosine

A

diiodotyrosine or T2

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23
Q

What 2 compounds combine to make T3

A

T1+T2

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24
Q

What is the chemical name for T3

A

Triiodothronine

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25
Q

What 2 compounds combine to make T4

A

T2+T2

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26
Q

What is the chemical name for T4

A

Thyroxine

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27
Q

How many benzene rings do T1 and T2 have

A

Each have 1

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28
Q

How many benzene rings do T3 and T4 have

A

2 each

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29
Q

How much iodine per gram comes from sea salt

A

0

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30
Q

What is iodine attached to provide humans with an adequate supply of iodine

A

Table salt

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31
Q

How many mg per year of iodine are needed per year

A

50 mg

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32
Q

What organ is responsible for the swift removal of iodine

A

Kidney

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33
Q

What enzyme uses oxidative stress to oxidize iodine and convert to a form that connects to tyrosine, is a crucial step in thyroid hormone production

A

Peroxidase

34
Q

What is another “good” example in the body that uses oxidative for the benefit of the system

A

Immune system uses oxidative stress and free radicals to destroy bad stuff

35
Q

What class of hormone is Thyroid hormone

A

Steroid and very lipid soluble

36
Q

Where are the TH transport proteins manufactured

A

Liver

37
Q

What are the 3 primary transport proteins for TH

A

Primary TBG- thyroxine binding globulin
Secondary- Thyroxine binding pre albumin
Tertiary -albumin

38
Q

Why does TH need transport proteins

A

It is very lipid soluble and needs assistance getting to its destination

39
Q

What are the percents of T3 and T4 in circulation

A

T3- 7%
T4-93%

40
Q

Between T3 and T4, which is the least active

A

T4 is the least active
T3 is the most active

41
Q

How will liver failure impact thyroid hormone

A

LF will have issues regulating thyroid levels since TH needs a transporter since it is fat soluble

42
Q

Which portion of the pituitary controls ADH

A

Posterior

43
Q

What portion of the pituitary controls Thyroid gland

A

Anterior

44
Q

What else does the Anterior pituitary gland control

A

TH controlled
sex hormone
LH or luteinizing hormone-ovaries
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone- ovaries
prolactin- controlling lactation
cortisol release from adrenal gland
pancreatic activity to insulin
Cotricotopin works on adrenal cortex to increase blood glucose

45
Q

What are the proteins called that encapsulate production spaces for thyroid hormone? This will also be dissolved to release the TH

A

Thyroglobulin

46
Q

1 Thyroglobulin holds how many T3 and T4

A

For my class, around 60

47
Q

If we have severe iodine deficiency what will happen to:
T3 and T4
TSH
TRH

A

decreased T3 and T4 and increased TSH and TRH, this can cause goiter from swelling or overstimulating
For my class, a goiter doesn’t necessarily mean you have hyperthyroid, you can have hypothyroid and a goiter like described above

48
Q

What is next to the cricothyroid ligament and can be in the way for an oh shit emergent airway

A

Thyroid gland
I know shocker from our THYROID lecture…… but you try and write a card for this not swell

49
Q

For my class, what happens when you accidentally cut the thyroid

A

It bleeds….. a lot
#increase confiendence card!

50
Q

What type of muscle is the larynx

A

SKM…….. PTSD from last semester

51
Q

What happens to the nerves in the thyroid when we have a goiter

A

If we have enlarged thyroid can compress the nerves and make speech difficult, and makes it hard to have a clean airway

52
Q

What happens to tracheal ligaments with a severe goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid(goiter)- puts a lot of pressure on larynx, can also compress tracheal ligaments and can collapse airway

53
Q

What is the main sensory organ for TH

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What drains hypothalamus hormones into the anterior pituitary

A

Portal vein

55
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to go to the pituitary

A

TRH- thyrotropin-releasing hormone

56
Q

What is considered the second messenger in TH production? Where is it released

A

TSH (kind of like a second messenger)is released from pituitary into systemic circulation to go to thyroid gland

57
Q

What is the most active from of TH intracelluarly

A

T3

58
Q

How do the cells convert T4 into the more active T3

A

iodinase- pulls iodine off something, so it works by pulling iodine off T4 to convert to more active T3, which happens at the tissue level
ase= pulls something off it

59
Q

What organelle in the cell is most important for the Thyroid hormone interaction?

A

The nucleus
The typical response in cells from TH is inside the nucleus and increases gene transcription and upregulates transport protein, enzymes, and structural proteins

60
Q

What happens to mitochondria in response to direct thyroid hormone stimulation on the cell

A

mitochondria upregulation, increase number and increase in size- increases more mitochondria

61
Q

What happens to sodium permeability when you have an increased thyroid hormone interacting with the cells

A

Increases Sodium permeability
The cell has more sodium coming in and the cells will increase the cyclic rate of the NaKatpase pumps

62
Q

What is the “energy hog” of the human body

A

NaKatpase pump
I made this up disregard

63
Q

What is the typical glucose responses to an increase in TH

A

glucose metabolism increases, increase glucose coming in as well, increase in uptake in GI system as well from diet
increase gluconeogenesis or glucose production from destroying fats
increase rate of glycolysis rate
increase circulating insulin levels
increase activity of total endocrine system

64
Q

How is the CV system impacted by increased levels of TH

A

Increase HR
increase SV
MAP doesn’t change really
Increase PP- from increased SV, increased systolic BP and reduced diastolic bp( increase metabolism at tissues- think BV don’t have enough energy to care and reduce resistance)

65
Q

What happens to total cholesterol and triglycerides levels with an increase in TH

A

Reduces circulating cholesterol levels – from body using cholesterol to build things or take energy from it, and increases excretion via the GI system side effect of active GI system and increased movement of things through GI system, you will have increased bile secretion from liver as well
reduces TG’s or triglycerides

66
Q

What are the neurological effects of increased TH

A

higher the thyroid= more neuro activity and makes it difficult to sleep, will be very alert, you will have an increase in neuromuscular junction activity as well, can have a muscle tremor
super super high levels can turn into muscles not working at all and have deficits

67
Q

Between hyper and hypothyroid which one cause an increase risk for atherlosclerosis

A

Hypothyroid

68
Q

If we artificially inject Thyroxine, how long does it take before we see effects

A

2-3 days
it takes a while for the nucleus to increase production of new genes

69
Q

If we artificially inject Thyroxine, how long does it take before we see effects

A

2-3 days
it takes a while for the nucleus to increase the production of new genes

70
Q

If we artificially inject Thyroxine, how long does it take before we see effects

A

2-3 days
it takes a while for the nucleus to increase the production of new genes

71
Q

What are the 3 main labs to monitor thyroid levels

A

T4,TSH,TRH

72
Q

If we have a high T4 level from tumor (adenoma) on thyroid, what will happen to our TSH and TRH

A

should have low TSH and TRH

73
Q

If we have a pituitary tumor secreting TSH, what will happen to our T4 and TRH

A

High T4
Decreased TRH- from negative feedback

74
Q

If we artificially give TRH in a healthy person, what happens to TSH and T4

A

Increases TSH and T4

75
Q

What happens to TSH,TRh and T4 in graves disease

A

Decreased TSH and TRH
Increased T4

76
Q

What happens to our labs with an iodine deficiency

A

Decreased T4
Increased TSH and TRH

77
Q

How does the negative feedback system of the hypothalamus helps regulate TH

A

Increased in T4= increased cell metabolism, Increases temperature and metabolic rate, and hypothalamus sees this, this is how the thyroid indirectly controls communication with hypothalamus

78
Q

How does decreased temperature and increased stress impact TH levels

A

Increases TH
Hypothalamus sees the changes and increases TH to correct this

79
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of thyroid storm

A

increase HR
Increase ventilation
increase oxygen requirement
increase body temp

80
Q

What is the term for protruding eye?

A

Exophthalmos

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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