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A&P 2 > Exam 1 lecture 4 > Flashcards

Exam 1 lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The inferior mediastinum has how many parts

A

3
Anterior, posterior, middle

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2
Q

How many layers of pericardium do we have?
How many of them are visceral and parietal

A

3 layers
1 visceral
2 parietal

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3
Q

How many phrenic nerves do we have

A

2, one on each side of the diaphragm.
Each side of the diaphragm can operate independently of each other

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4
Q

The Esophagus sits next to what main vessel

A

Descending aorta

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5
Q

Where does the right vagus nerve innervate at
Is it a PNS or SNS comment, and what does that mean

A

SA node
PNS
Tells the heart to put the brakes on or slow down

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6
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve innervate at
Is it PNS or SNS

A

AV node
PNS- applies the brakes to the HR

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7
Q

What would the HR be with no PNS involvement and the nodes were allowed to go wild

A

HR would be around 110

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8
Q

How many layers of pericardial tissues do we have?
Name them

A

3 layers
visceral pericardium
Parietal layer
Fibrous layer

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9
Q

Which layer of pericardium sits most superficial and is very tough? If blood leaks underneath this layer, it will not expand and not be good for the heart

A

Fibrous layer

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10
Q

Which layer is considered serous, has a strong attachment to the superior fibrous layer

A

Pareital layer

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11
Q

Which layer is very thin, sits directly on top of the heart and is considered a serous layer

A

Visceral pericardium

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12
Q

What is the tendon platform that the heart sits directly on top of

A

Central tendon

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus

A

The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal artery connecting the aorta and the main lung artery (pulmonary artery). The ductus allows blood to detour away from the lungs before birth.

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14
Q

which valve is the bicuspid valve

A

Mitral

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15
Q

Label the valves

A

Weird question I know…….

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16
Q

Can you have a bicuspid aortic valve?

A

yes 1-2% of people have it

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17
Q

Will you have an increased or decreased valve opening with a bicuspid valve

A

Decreased opening size

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18
Q

A normal aortic valve comes into contact with what 2 arteries

A

RCA and LCA

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19
Q

Which cusp of the aortic valve is not connected to a coronary artery?

A

The posterior cusp also called
NCC non coronary cusp

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20
Q

What is the important electrical insulator between the top and bottom half of the heart

A

Cartilaginous ring

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21
Q

What rattles during the 3rd heart sound in a sick heart

A

Cartilaginous ring

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22
Q

Kids’ hearts are able to accommodate _______ compared to adults

A

Less
They dont handle excess volume to well

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23
Q

What is the opening in the cartilaginous ring that allows communication between the top and bottom parts of the heart

A

Opening for the bundle of his

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24
Q

How do pediatric hearts compensate for increased venous return? How is that different than adults

A

Kids will increase HR
Adults increase SV

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25
Q

What is the name of the “fake cusp” that hands out in the mitral valve

A

Commissural cusp
is a part of the posterior cusp

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26
Q

What does the LCA branch into

A

LAD- widow maker- on left ventricle
circumflex artery- backside of heart also perfuse LV

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27
Q

In 15% of the population where does the PDA branch from

A

15% From LCA= higher pressure and can be problematic
85% of people the PDA come from RCA

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28
Q

Coronary blood flow is regulated by what?

A

Coronary blood flow is relegated to delta P
driven by aortic pressure
also regulated by wall pressure

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29
Q

What side of the heart is mostley to have ischemia

A

Left side due to pressure
LV has highest wall pressure

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30
Q

What side of the heart is mostly to have ischemia

A

Left side due to pressure
LV has highest wall pressure

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31
Q

Where are the heart auscultation sites

A

2nd intercostal site right side- aortic valve- very loud
2nd intercostal left side is the pulmonic valve- blood moving towards the right shoulder
5th intercostal next to sternum left side is tricuspid
5th left side, more lateral is mitral

APTM- order of auscultation

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32
Q

What is the 1st heart sound duration and overall pitch

A

1st heart sound is 0.14 seconds and low pitch lub

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33
Q

What is the second heart sound duration and overall pitch

A

2nd 0.11 seconds and high pitch dub

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34
Q

Does high pitch or low pitch have the lowest amount of oscillations per second

A

Low pitch= low oscillations per second or HZ

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35
Q

What is the normal hearing range in HZ of a young healthy patient

A

20Hz- 20,000 HZ(20KHZ)
Old people top out around 10,000 HZ

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36
Q

What is a phonocardiogram

A

Phonocardiogram- low pitch microphones useful for murmur diagnosis

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37
Q

What is the 4th heart sound

A

4th sound is atrial kick isn’t usually heard in healthy patients

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38
Q

Is aortic stenosis a systolic or diastolic murmur

A

Systolic
Aortic stenosis is systolic murmur- from narrow valve and increases blood velocity through it and creates more turbulent flow, loudest of all murmurs

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39
Q

Is mitral stenosis a systolic or diastolic murmur

A

Diastolic murmur- gets louder during rapid filling phase and gets louder the farther it fills and is loudest at atrial contraction

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40
Q

When during the cardiac cycle will you hear mitral regurgitation the loudest

A

beginning of systole

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41
Q

Is aortic regurgitation a systolic or diastolic murmur

A

Aortic regurgitation diastolic murmur- lot of regurge at high pressure in aorta and low volume in ventricles, large influx of blood backwards

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42
Q

Is PDA a systolic or diastolic murmur

A

PDA- is both diastolic and systolic murmur- from blood flow not related to a valve, from aortic pressure 100 and pulmonary pressure of 16 connection between the two, sound will be highest when delta P is highest

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43
Q

What is the term for backward flow

A

Retrograde flow

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44
Q

What happens to cornonary perfusion with sever aortic stenosis

A

high resistance valve increase LV pressure to compensate
decreased coronary perfusion since wall pressure is way higher than aortic pressure

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45
Q

How many syllables are in Phonocardiogram?

A

6 maybe…..

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46
Q

Anything that increases wall pressure does what to coronary perfusion

A

Decreases perfusion

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47
Q

Does Bradycardia have increased or decreased coronary perfusion

A

Increased
Spends more time in diastole

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48
Q

What is the resting coronary blood flow per minute in 100 grams of heart tissues

A

70ml/min/100 grams

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49
Q

What is the normal resting coronary blood flow in an adult heart per minute

A

225ml/minute

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50
Q

10-20% of patients with CAD have what valve issues

A

Mitral Regurgitation

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51
Q

What are the values of blood in ml for mild,medium, severe mitral regurgiation

A

10-20% of people with CAD have this
<30ml=mild
30-60ml= medium
>60ml=severe end stage mitral regurgitation

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52
Q

What type of axis deviation will we see with mitral stenosis

A

Right axis

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53
Q

What happens to our P wave with mitral stenosis

A

Prolonged p wave from LA strecth

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54
Q

What two common heart rhythms are really, really really bad for mitral stenosis

A

A fib- no atrial kick not swell for MS
Tachycardia- less time in filing, not swell

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55
Q

What bacterial agent is most common to cause mitral stenosis

A

Strep

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56
Q

If we have an elevated P wave, what does that mean

A

Something is wrong with the Right side of the heart

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57
Q

Do you want high afterload or low afterload for our mitral regurgitation patients

A

Low
Lower afterload will have lower BP overall and low intraventricular pressure.
High afterload increases LV pressure and push more blood into LA and further back.
Want to reduce afterload if you can be careful in severe regurge and patient with severe CAD

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58
Q

What happens to LVEDV in aortic regurgitation

A

It increases
Can get above 200ml

59
Q

What type of hypertrophy occurs in aortic stenosis

A

Concentric hypertrophy

60
Q

What type of hypertrophy occurs with aortic regurgitation

A

eccentric hypertrophy

61
Q

How are the sarcomeres arranged in concentric hypertrophy

A

On top of each other
“you need consent to be on top”

62
Q

How are the sarcomeres arranged in eccentric hypertrophy

A

Arranged end to end in a series

63
Q

What type of hypertrophy is mitral regurgitation

A

Eccentric hypertrophy

64
Q

How many parts does the mediastinum have?

how many sections are in each section and name them.

A

2 parts

1 in the superior mediastinum
3 in the inferior mediastinum.

Superior, Anterior, Middle and Posterior mediastinum.

65
Q

what section of the mediastinum is the heart contained in?

A

inferior middle mediastinum

66
Q

how many layers of pericardium do we have?

how many of these layers are visceral?
how many of these layers are parietal?

A

3 layers

1 Visceral Layer
2 Parietal Layers.

67
Q

how many phrenic nerves do we have?

which section of the mediastinum are the phrenic nerves?

A

2 phrenic nerves

Middle mediastinum.

68
Q

what do the phrenic nerves control?

A

diaphragm

69
Q

what structure does the Esophagus sit next to?

A

descending aorta

70
Q

what super important nerve sits in the posterior mediastinum?

A

vagus nerve

71
Q

what area of the heart does the Left Vagus nerve control?

the right?

A

Left Av node
Right SA node

72
Q

what is the resting heart rate with NO parasympathetic stimulation

A

For our class about 110 BPM

73
Q

how many pericardial layers are “serous”

which 2 layers?

A

2
the visceral and the first parietal layer

74
Q

what is the outermost pericardial layer called?

A

fibers pericardium

75
Q

what part of the diaphragm does the heart sit on?

A

the central tendon.

76
Q

true or false, breathing will cause the heart to shift up and down?

A

True. The heart rises and falls with the diaphragm as we breathe.

77
Q

what is formed when the ductus arteriosus closes

A

ligamentum arteriosum

78
Q

a patent ductus arteiosus will allow blood to flow from where to where?

A

Aorta to the pulmonary artery- in the adult circulation.

79
Q

how many bicuspid valves do we have?

A

1 between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

80
Q

When electrical impulses reach the papillary muscles what happens?

A

They tense up and give us a nice tight closed valve when everything is working appropriately.

81
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy can effect closure of the AV valves how?

A

they displace the Chordae Tendineae, as well as the papillary muscles and prevent the valve from closing as well as it could (mitral regurgitation)

82
Q

What anchors the AV valves in place?

A

Chordae Tendineae, and Papillary Muscles

83
Q

What will turbulent blood flow cause?

A

“Noise” Murmmur

84
Q

What percent of the population has a bicuspid Aortic Valve?

Will all of these people need to have these valves replaced?

A

1-2 %

According to the Miller text yes; however, Schmiddy isn’t convinced that this is the case.

85
Q

2 of the cusps of the Aortic valve are connected to what? (crappy question sorry)

A

The L and R Coronary Artery.

The left coronary artery connects to the Left cusp

The right coronary artery connects to the Right cusp.

86
Q

what is the function of the L and R Coronary artery sitting in the cusps of the Aortic valve

A

During diastole there is retrograde blood flow. These cusps act as funnels directing blood flow into the Coronary artery.

87
Q

what does the NCC stand for?

where is this located?

A

Non coronary cusp.

This is the third cusp of the Aortic Valve.

88
Q

what is the cause of noise associated with a non compliant ventricle?

A

rattling of the cartilaginous ring structure.

89
Q

what is the one connection point through the cartilaginous ring that connects the atria and the ventricles?

A

the bundle of His.

90
Q

why is a 3rd heart sound more likely in peds than in adults

A

the heart of pediatrics is less compliant when compared to an adult heart.

91
Q

how would a pediatric heart compensate for an increase in venous return?

A

increase the heart rate

92
Q

do we typically see more problems associated with the tricuspid valve or with the mitral valve?

why is this the case?

A

mitral valve. This is due to it functioning at higher pressures.

93
Q

what is the false cusp of the bicuspid valve called?

A

Commissural cusp.

94
Q

how many splits does the Left coronary make and what are they called?

A

2
LAD
Left circumflex

95
Q

what 2 areas does the circumflex artery supply perfusion to?

A

posterior of the heart as well as some to the left ventricle.

96
Q

what does the right coronary artery feed into 85% of the time

A

the posterior descending artery

97
Q

in what percentage of the population is the Posterior depending artery connected to the left coronary artery?

A

15%

98
Q

what are the pressures that drive coronary perfusion?

A

aortic pressure

wall pressure

99
Q

will high wall pressure make coronary perfusion easy or more difficult?

A

more difficult probably.

100
Q

why is Left heart coronary ischemia more prevalent than right heart coronary ischemia?

A

wall pressures are higher in the left heart walls.

101
Q

where would you auscultate the aortic valve?

A

2nd intercostal space on the right sternal boarder.

102
Q

where would you auscultate the pulmonic valve?

A

2nd intercostal space on the left sternal boarder .

103
Q

where would you auscultate the tricuspid valve

A

5th intercostal space left sternal boarder

104
Q

where would you auscultate the bicuspid valve.

A

5th intercostal space mid clavicular line.

105
Q

when auscultating chest wall looking for a murmur, would you want to place your stethoscope above or below the level of the valve associated with the murmur (crappy question sorry)

A

ideally for this class you want the stethoscope above the valve and in the direction that the valve will be ejecting blood.

106
Q

for this class one of the heart valves will probably be the loudest. which one of the valves would it be?

A

the aortic valve.

107
Q

how long is the 1st heart sound

what causes this sound

will the pitch for this hear sound be high or low.

A

0.14 seconds (LUB)

closure of the AV valves

Low pitch

108
Q

how long is the 2nd heart sound

what causes this sound

will the pitch for this hear sound be high or low.

A

0.11 (DUB)

Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

Slightly higher than the first but still low

109
Q

when we are young what is our hearing range

A

20 Hz - 20 kHz
the lowest of low subwoofers is about 20 Hz

110
Q

if we hear the 3rd heart sound what is causing it and when would we hear it?

A

rattling of the cartilaginous rings occurring during rapid ventricular filling.

111
Q

if we were to hear the 4th heart sound what is casing it and when would we hear it?

A

Atria Kick

Atrial contraction. (DUH)

112
Q

Aortic stenosis, systolic or diastolic murmur?

A

Systolic murmur

113
Q

mitral regurgitation, systolic or diastolic murmur?

A

Systolic murmur loudest at the beginning of systole.

114
Q

Aortic Regurgitation, systolic or diastolic murmur?

A

Diastolic murmur, loudest at the beginning of diastole

115
Q

Mitral stenosis, systolic or diastolic murmur?

A

Diastolic murmur should be loudest during atrial contraction.

Schmiddy disagrees and says he thinks it should be loudest in the beginning of the filling phase…. So I guess take your pick on what you choose to believe, I am sure that both of them will be answer choices on the exam…..

116
Q

what is one way discussed in lecture that we can artificially create a murmur that is not being caused by a pathologic heart valve.

what are causes of this?

A

Increased Cardiac Output.

Hyperthyroidism, Prego,

117
Q

With patent ductus artereosus, is this a systolic or diastolic murmur?

A

Trick Question! its both….. Schmiddy got you again!!!

118
Q

coronary perfusion is driven by ______ and resisted by______?

A

Aortic pressure

Wall pressure.

119
Q

at the earliest point in diastole is coronary blood flow normal or retrograde?

A

Retrograde because the wall pressure is sigher than the aortic pressures.

120
Q

With aortic stenosis will delta P between aortic pressure and wall pressure be greater or less than normal?

A

Larger pressure gradient and by extension this will increase retrograde blood flow.

121
Q

what is the standard blood flow per minute for the coronary blood flow?

A

70 mL of blood per 100 grams of cardiac muscle mass of 225 mL/minute

122
Q

will bradycardia increase or decrease coronary artery perfusion time.

A

For this class we can probably say that if tachycardia will decrease coronary perfusion time, then bradycardia will probably increase the coronary perfusion time.

123
Q

what is being depicted in the red Schmidt drawing

A

coronary perfusion driven by Delta P

124
Q

According to this graph when is peak coronary perfusion noted

A

very beginning of diastole.

125
Q

Is continuous coronary perfusion seen in the left or right coronary artery?
why is this?

A

Right.

This is due to lower wall pressures on the right side.

126
Q

how do we compensate for mitral stenosis

why is this compensation mechanism not super swell

is there remodeling changes in the left ventricle during mitral stenosis?

in mitral stenosis, does the pressure volume loop shift to the left or right

A

increase preload to the left side of the heart.

increasing pulmonary venous pressure (right heart after load) and CVP

No the left ventricle is spared.

shift the the left.

127
Q

will mitral stenosis cause a left or right axis deviation?

A

Right axis deviation due to hypertrophy of the right side of the heart

128
Q

due to mitral stenosis the left aria is likely to become stretched and blown out… what can this cause

A

delayed p wave conduction.

please note the right atria might stretch as well, but the left stretch is more important apparently.

129
Q

what are 2 arrhythmias (non leathal) that would worsen prognosis of mitral stenosis?

Why are these 2 arrhythmias bad? (other than the fact that they are arrhythmias of course)

A

a fib- the heart looses the atrial filling help

Tachycardia – you end up shortening the filling time of the left ventricle.
you might end up using all of diastole to fill the left ventricle instead of just the first 1/3 of diastole as would be normal.

130
Q

what are three of the most common reasons for mitral regurgitation discussed by Schmiddy in lecture

A

rheumatic fever
bad strep infection
remodeling following an MI

131
Q

will the stroke volume increase or decrease with mitral regurgitation?

A

increase

132
Q

in regards to the left atria what can happen with mitral regurgitation

A

Blood being pushed in to the atria from the ventricle during systole combines with the 70 mL of blood the atria would normally get. This will cause a dilation of the left atria and can produce a prolonged P wave, or potentially a fib.

133
Q

In crayon please break down the rating system for mitral regurgitation.

A

< 30 mL in reverse per beat = mild
30-60 mL of blood in reverse per beat = mid grade
> 60 mL of blood in reverse per beat = end stage, not swell, you gonna die

134
Q

what percentage of CAD patients will end up with Mitral Regurgitation

A

10-20 % this is due to left ventricular wall wear down from past ischemia.

135
Q

what is a good Tx for mitral regurgitation.

when would this Tx probably not be great?

A

after load reducer – this decreases the amount of blood that goes back into the atria because the heart doesn’t take as much force to put blood into the aorta.

CAD patients, reduced after load might decrease coronary perfusion and put them in a place where they are most happy.

136
Q

is Bradycardia good or bad for mitral regurgitation?

A

For this class Bradycardia is not great. More time is systole will mean that more blood is regurgitant into the atria…. Tachycardia would be best for this.

137
Q

In what way does the body compensate for aortic regurgitation?

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction to keep BP adequate. this will cause SVR to increase.
increased SVR will increase the amount of Aortic regurgitation we have.
Catch 22

138
Q

True or false Aortic regurgitation will cause remodeling of the Left ventricle?

A

True that ventricle is gonna be blown out.

139
Q

What would be a treatment for Aortic regurgitation.

A

After load reducer if they can tolerate?

140
Q

what are 3 variables that will be decreased in Aortic Valve Stenosis

A

Coronary perfusion
Peripheral pulse pressure
SV (with no compensation)

141
Q

If the stroke volume is decreased due to Aortic stenosis… what is the bodies response to try and increase the peripheral pulse pressure?

A

Tachycardia, this will cause a decrease in diastolic filling time, and by extension decreased the time for coronary perfusion.

142
Q

what type of heart wall thickening happens with aortic stenosis?

A

Concentric hypertrophy that ventricle gets THICCCCCC
Sarcomeres stack on top of each other. please enjoy this Schmiddy drawing.

143
Q

what type of hypertrophy occurs with aortic regurgitation?

A

eccentric hypertrophy the walls get blown out and super thin… something like dilated cardiomyopathy…

Additional Sarcomeres are stacked end to end and not on top of each other

Please enjoy this Schmiddy drawing.

144
Q

What is Schmiddy pointing out in the bottom right corner of this graph? (the area he has circled)

A

the bottom right hand corner of the loop is higher than it normally is… this is due to thicker and less compliant wall of the ventricles.

This requires more preload to get the appropriate amount of volume into the ventricle.

The same thing is essentially being represented on this graph as well. (moving form C to E will require more pressure to expand against something that is less compliant)

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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