Exam 1: Lecture 6 Flashcards
3 Layers of meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Meninges Function
- Protect and support CNS
- Connect brain and spinal cord to the skull and spinal canal
- Form protective barrier that safeguards the sensitive organs of CNS against trauma
- Contain and ample supply of blood vessels that deliver blood to CNS tissue
- Produce cerebrospinal fluid
Meningococcal Disease
refer to any illness that is caused by the type of bacterial called Neisseria meningitides (aka Meningococcus)
often severe and include infections of lining of brain + spinal cord and bloodstream infections
bacteria spread through exchange pf respiratory and throat secretions
can be treated with antibiotics, but quick medical attention is extremely important
Vaccines are best defense
Bacterial Meningitis organisms
Neisseria meningitides = gram - coccus
Streptococcus pneumoniae = Gram + coccus
Haemopilus influenza = Gram - rod
Bacterial Meningitis transmission
Respiratory droplets, direct contact, fomites
Bacterial Meningitis Portal of entry
Respiratory tract
Bacterial Meningitis treatment
broad spectrum antibiotics admin immediately
Bacterial Meningitis prevention
immunization, isolation of patients, prophylactic antibiotics for close contact
Bacterial Meningitis diagnosis
from signs/symptoms
culture of organisms from spinal fluid
Meningitis symptoms
Severe headache Rash Stiff neck Nausea Vomiting Lethargy Sensitivity to light High Fever
Complications of Bacterial meningitis
can lead to stroke or brain damage
other: Memory problems Hearing loss paralysis Kidney Failure body-wide infection and shock Movement problems Learning disabilities
Preventing spread of Bacterial Meningitis
some types can be prevented with vaccines
other ways: Keeping immune system healthy Quit smoking Get plenty of rest Follow healthy diet avoid close contact with anyone thats sick
Strep throat Organisms
Streptococcus pyogenes: grup A,B or C streptococcus = Gram + coccus
Strep throat transmission
Direct contact
Respiratory droplets
indirect by fomites
Strep throat Portal of entry
Respiratory system
Strep throat prevention
isolation of infected patient
Strep throat treatment
Antibiotics, rest
Strep throat diagnosis
rapid strep test
culture of organisms
Strep throat disease mechanism
- Bacterium S.pyogenes is B-hemolytic (lyses red blood cells via exotoxin streptomycin) and uses proteins to help evade phagocytosis. These processes allow for colonization in the throat/skin
- presence of bacteria in throat brings red/white blood cells, causing inflammation
- strep throat is attributed with feeling of a sore throat due to swelling of the mucous membranes in the pharynx including the tonsils
Strep throat spread
Lack of hand washing is largest cause of spread
airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing that come in contact with another persons mouth, sharing food and drinks too
Bacteria causing Otitis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acute Otitis Media
inflammation of middle ear
Following bacterial infection of Upper Respiratory system bacteria can travel from nasopharynx to middle ear via Eustachian tube
Lots of nose blowing, pressure changes, and perforation of membrane help tendency in forming acute otitis media
Acute Otitis Media Chain of events
- infection of upper respiratory system
- swelling of Eustachian tube
- Altering of pressure in the middle ear
- Bacteria arrive in middle ear
- inflammation
Drug of choice Acute Otitis Media
Amoxicillin in both children and adults
adults get higher dose
Bacterial Pneumonias (3 causes)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
infection of lungs characterized by inflammation and filling alveoli with fluid in addition to fevers, cough, chest pain and chills
Influenza organism
Influenza virus (Type A,B,C) enveloped RNA virus
Influenza Transmission
Respiratory droplets
Influenza Portal of entry
Respiratory system
Influenza treatment
Antiviral ( zanamivir and oseltamivir)
bed rest
fever reduction
respiratory support if needed
Cold Vs Allergies
Cold:
Aches,Fever, yellow mucus
Allergy:
Itchy/watery eyes,Thin/watery mucus
Both:
Cough, Fatigue, Sore throat, Runny or stuffy nose
Bacterial endocarditis causes
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci
Endocarditis
Inflammation of endocardium (inner heart muscle lining)
Rapid destruction of heart valves leads to death
Tx = penicillin
Lyme disease signs
“classic” erythema migrans rash
Facial palsy
Swollen knee
Symptoms of Lyme disease
Headache Hearing loss + paralysis of face* Muscle soreness Erythema migrans* Heart complicaitons Nausea/Vomiting Fever/Chills/Fatigue/Weakness
Stage 1 Lyme disease
Early localized: days
- Erythema migrans rash at tick bite site
Stage 2 Lyme disease
Early disseminated: weeks
- flu like illness
- cardiac, neurologic
Stage 3 Lyme disease
Late: months to years
- Lyme arthritis
- Encephalopathy or Neuropathy
Lyme disease Treatment
Oral Antibiotics: early stage
Doxycycline for adults/children 8+
Amox, cefuroxime for adult, < 8, preg, Breast-feeding women
Generally recovery will be quicker and more complete the sooner treatment begins
