Exam 1: Lecture 3 Flashcards
Human cells vs Bacteria Cells
10 T vs 100 T
10% human, 90% bacteria
21,000 human genes, 4.4 mil bacteria genes
Complexity….
Genes + Proteins = complexity
Complexity increases with microbes
How many microbiomes does the body have
6
The 6 microbiomes of the body and %
Eye = ~ 1.6% Nose = ~10% Mouth = ~6.5% Gut = ~ 32.3% Skin = ~29% Genital tract = ~20%
If bacteria is located anywhere outside of the 6 microbiomes of the body then….
issues can come up
Over lifetime, you will host how many bugs/bacteria?
5 African elephants weight worth
Microbes inside of us die when exposed to oxygen, why?
Adapted to an oxygen free existence deep in our guts
Benefits of our normal flora?
- produce vitamins we cant
- make good for us
- strengthen our immune system
- Fight off disease-causing organisms
essential for keeping us healthy and happy
When does baby get exposed to microbes?
- Womb is filled with microbes that are passed to developing baby
- Get more exposure to microbes during birth on way out & breastfeeding
How long has human microbiome existed?
Millenia
Found in stomach of ice mummy (Oetzi the Iceman)
What is the Caecum
intraperitoneal pouch, considered to be beginning of the large intestine
Appendix connected to it
Caecum is considered the ______ of the human bodies microbial community
Heart
Partially digested food will be attempted to be broken down further by microbes here
over 4,000 species of microbes
Appendix info
- packed full of specialized immune cells and molecules
- Acts as safe house for its microbial inhabitants
- gut can be repopulated with its normal inhabitations which are lurking in the appendix
Appendix protects us from
- recurring GI infections
- immune dysfunctions
- blod cancer
- some autoimmune diseases
- Heart attacks
What is Biofilm?
aggregates of bacteria embedded in a matrix produced by them interspersed by water channels
What about biofilms makes drugs absorption hard?
drug penetration can be hard since the drug is only able to pass through a portion of the layers and possibly not get to the bottom
only a portion of the bacteria will be killed
What is Quorum Sensing
- microbes can communicate with each other by chemical language
- microbes interact with each other by signals and respond to the signals using chemical language
- coordinates gene expression
Quorum Sensing signals are….
called auto inducers
all auto inducers are chemical language signals to one another
Studies show that C-sections babies may have elevated risk for…..
developing immune and metabolic disorders…
these include, T1DM, allergies, asthma and obesity
these babies were not exposed to vagina fluid that had microbiomes that more closely resembled the bacterial DAN of human skin
Vaginal microbial transfer
novel procedure
mothers vaginal fluids are collected before surgery and swabbed all after the infant a minute or two after birth
“Newley discovers organ”
The microbiome
Hasn’t been officially recognized as 8th major organ
since late 1990s, more people have understood its potential to have a huge impact on human health
