Exam 1 - Large Animal Ultrasound Flashcards
if you are doing an abdominal ultrasound of a cow & see fluid accumulation in the cranial abdomen - what is this an indication of?
hardware disease
the probe placement here focuses on what?
placed to the left of the xiphoid process in the area of the reticulum with the red star showing the correct orientation of the probe oriented towards the animals head
in this abdominal ultrasound image taken in the cranial ventral abdomen to the left of the xiphoid process, what are the numbers representing? should you see fluid between these structures? what directional terms would you use to orient yourself?
1 - skin
2 - body wall
3 - reticulum
4 - rumen
no free fluid!!!
top of the screen is ventral & bottom of the screen is dorsal
left of the screen is cranial & right of the screen is caudal
how should you image the small intestines of a cow using ultrasound?
image from the right ventral flank & paralumbar fossa because the rumen fills the left side of the animal
are these normal or abnormal small intestines of a cow? why? what does normal look like?
abnormal - distended, amotile, & thickened walls
normal - loops with minimal contents, frequent contraction cycles, & may be hard to interpret the image as being small intestine if the gastrointestinal contents are visible on the ultrasound
can you see pyloric outflow obstructions using ultrasound on large animals?
yes - common causes include bezoars & neoplasia
how should the abomasum be viewed using ultrasound on an adult cow?
cranial right abdomen
what do the blue cylinders & blue cloud represent in this image?
blue cylinders - ascending & descending duodenum
cloud - location of the small intestines in the normal animal
T/F: it is normal to find some free fluid in the abdomen of a large animal
false - not normal
what is shown in this abdominal ultrasound image of a cow?
normal pylorus - characteristic round shape & undulations of the sphincter fold
is the ultrasound useful for imaging the rumen? why?
you can use it, but not useful
organ is so big & you have limited penetration
what would you be looking at from this image?
rumen - visualized from the left side of the animal
what do the numbers represent in this image of the ventral rumen?
normal rumen
1 - body wall
2 - rumen wall
3 - fluid portion of the rumen, normal
what do the numbers represent in this image of the dorsal rumen?
1 - body wall
2 - rumen wall
3 - fiber mat
4 - gas cap
gas cap is present dorsal to the rumen fiber mat - gas cap is identified by air reverberation artifacts
what are the topographical landmarks used for imaging the rumen of a goat using an ultrasound?
8th-12th ICS & flank on the left
12th ICS & flank on the right
what are the topographical landmarks used for imaging the omasum of a goat using an ultrasound?
examined from the 6th-11th ICS on the right
what are the topographical landmarks used for imaging the abomasum of a goat using an ultrasound?
ventral midline & the left & right paramedian regions
what are the topographical landmarks used for imaging the small & large intestines of a goat using an ultrasound?
right side from the 8th-12th ICS
why would you ultrasound the rumen of ruminants?
acute ruminal acidosis
increase in ruminal size associated with cranial functional stenosis (failure of omasal transport)
inflammatory changes of the ruminal wall caused by peritonitis
why would you ultrasound the reticulum of ruminants?
traumatic reticuloperitonitis
vagal indigestion
tumors
mechanical obstruction of the reticulum caused by foreign bodies
why would you ultrasound the omasum of ruminants?
omasal impaction & omasitis in cattle
paresis of the omasum
ileus
peritonitis
why would you ultrasound the abomasum of ruminants?
abomasal tympany
pyloric obstructions
abomasal emptying defects
abomasal impaction
why would you ultrasound the intestines of ruminants?
primary indication is ileus
why would you ultrasound the liver of ruminants?
liver abscesses, tumors, hepatomegaly, fascioliasis, & others
how is the liver imaged in ruminants?
from the right side in between intercostal spaces
why would you ultrasound the spleen of ruminants?
splenic tumor or abscess
how is the spleen imaged in ruminants?
on the left from dorsal to ventral
how are the kidneys imaged in ruminants?
right flank & last two ICS on the right - can see right kidney & left kidney in most goats
