Exam 1 - Equine Dentistry

Question 1

what is the tooth eruption sequence in horses of deciduous teeth?

Answer 1

I1 - 6 days
I2 - 6 weeks
I3 - 6 months

PM2-PM4 - present at birth

Question 2

what is the tooth eruption sequence in horses of permanent teeth?

Answer 2

I1 - 2.5 years
I2 - 3.5 years
I3 - 4.5 years

C - 4-5 years

PM1 - 6 months
PM2 - 2.5 years
PM3 - 3 years
PM4 - 4 years

M1 - 10-12 months
M2 - 2 years
M3 - 3.5 years

Question 3

what is the deciduous teeth formula in horses?

Answer 3

2 (I 3/3, PM 3/3) = 24 teeth total

Question 4

what is the adult teeth formula in horses?

Answer 4

2 (I 3/3, C1(0)/1(0), PM 3(4)/3(4), M 3/3) = 36 to 44 teeth depending on the presence of canines & wolf teeth (PM1)

Question 5

what cheek teeth do not have an infundibulum?

Answer 5

mandibular cheek teeth!!!!

Question 6

what cheek teeth have 2 infundibulum?

Answer 6

maxillary cheek teeth

Question 7

what is the benefit of using butorphanol when sedating a horse for an oral/dental exam?

Answer 7

you reduce tongue motion & chewing

horse may get twitchy

Question 8

what are the benefits of using tolazoline (alpha-2 reversal) for a dental exam in a horse? what are the adverse effects?

Answer 8

reduce ataxia, prevent choke, & reduce dependent pulmonary edema

vasodilation, tachycardia, tachypnea, collapse, & death

Question 9

what components make up the complete oral examination of a horse?

Answer 9

1. extraoral exam
2. occlusion
3. periodontal exam
4. endodontal exam
5. oral soft tissue exam

Question 10

why may a horse present with abnormal facial symmetry?

Answer 10

muscle atrophy, soft tissue enlargement, bony enlargement/indentation, neurological problem, & skull deformity

Question 11

why may a horse present with abnormal swelling on its head?

Answer 11

tooth-root disease, eruption cysts, neoplasia, sinus problems, & trauma

Question 12

what are some indicators of periodontal disease in a horse?

Answer 12

periodontal pocketing of roughage, gingivitis, bleeding, valve diastema, gum recession, irritation/bleeding, odor, calculus accumulation, & chewing difficulty

Question 13

what diagnostics are required to evaluate a horse for periodontal disease?

Answer 13

rads to actually stage the disease

Question 14

what are the different stages of periodontal disease in horses?

Answer 14

stage 0 - normal, no attachment loss, & <5mm probe depth

stage 1 - gingivitis, no attachment loss, & <5mm probe depth

stage 2 - early disease, < 25% attachment loss, & 5-10mm probe depth

stage 3 - moderate disease, 25-50% attachment loss, > 10mm probe depth

stage 4 - advanced disease, > 50% attachment loss, > 10mm probe depth

Question 15

what are some examples of endodontic abnormalities seen on oral examination of a horse?

Answer 15

fractures

cavities

necrotic occlusal dentin

necrotic pulp exposure

Question 16

what should you do if you see a tooth fracture during an oral exam of a horse?

Answer 16

rads of the mouth

Question 17

what is included in the oral soft tissues of the equine mouth?

Answer 17

mucosa of the oral cavity, lips, cheeks, tongue, & gingiva

Question 18

what is malocclusion 1?

Answer 18

normal relationship of the maxillary & mandibular dental arches with malpositioning of one or more teeth:

version, overlong tooth opposite missing tooth, or supernumerary tooth

Question 19

what malocclusion type is seen here?

Answer 19

malocclusion 1 - version of teeth

Question 20

what malocclusion type is seen here?

Answer 20

malocclusion 1 - overlong tooth opposite a missing tooth

Question 21

what is malocclusion 2?

Answer 21

abnormal rostral-caudal relationship between dental arches where the mandibular arch occludes caudal to its normal position with the maxilla

incisor overbite or cheek tooth hook or ramp

Question 22

what is this called? what malocclusion type is it?

Answer 22

overjet/parrot mouth/brachygnathism

malocclusion 2

Question 23

what malocclusion type is this?

Answer 23

malocclusion 2

Question 23

what malocclusion type is this?

Answer 23

malocclusion 2

Question 24

what malocclusion type is this?

Answer 24

malocclusion 2

incisor overbite or cheek tooth hook or ramp

Question 25

what is malocclusion 3?

Answer 25

abnormal rostral-caudal relationship of dental arches where the mandibular arch occludes rostral to the normal relationship with the maxilla

incisor underbite or cheek tooth hook or ramp

Question 26

what malocclusion type is seen here?

Answer 26

malocclusion 3 - underbite

Question 27

what are some potential sequela to malocclusion in horses?

Answer 27

overlong tooth, soft tissue damage, periodontal disease, discomfort, & poor mastication

Question 28

what components make up periodontal disease?

Answer 28

gingivitis, calculus, periodontitis, alveolar bone loss, & attachment loss

Question 29

what is the lesion seen in the photo? what does it cause?

Answer 29

valve diastema - accumulation of roughage within interproximal spaces - fermentation of carbs & acid production

results in inflammation & pain