Exam #1: Lab 1

Question 1

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 1

Balance

Question 2

What is the arbor vitae?

Answer 2

“Tree of life” i.e. the white matter of the cerebellum

Question 3

What is the embryological derivation of the cerebrum?

Answer 3

Prosencephalon

Question 4

What does the Prosencephalon divide into?

Answer 4

Telencephaloncerebrum

Diencephalon

Question 5

What causes the cephalic flexure?

Answer 5

Overgrowth of the Telencephalon causes an anterior flexion between the Diencephalon & brainstem, specifically the midbrain

Question 6

What are the embryological terms used to describe direction in the brain?

Answer 6

Rostral= anterior i.e. toward the beak
Caudal= toward the tail 
Dorsal= back
Ventral= front 

*Note that these change their orientation when the cephalic flexure

Question 7

What is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 7

Division between the cerebral hemisphere

Question 8

What are the elevations of the brain called?

Answer 8

Gyri

Question 9

What are the depressions of the brain called?

Answer 9

Sulci

Question 10

What is the difference between a sulcus & a fissure?

Answer 10

• Fissures are much deeper than sulci

- Arachnoid mater penetrates fissures but not sulci

Question 11

What is the grey matter in the brain?

Answer 11

Neuronal cell bodies
Unmyelinated axons
Dendrites

• Typically seen peripherally in the cerebrum BUT there are some nuclei that contain grey matter deeper in the brain

Question 12

What is the white matter in the brain?

Answer 12

Dendrites & myelinated axons in the brain b/c of myelin

Question 13

What is the central sulcus? What borders the central sulcus?

Answer 13

• Divides the frontal & parietal lobes
• Pre-central gyrus is immediately anterior (motor)
• Post-central gyrus is immediately posterior (sensory)

Question 14

What is the transverse fissure?

Answer 14

Division of the cerebellum from the cerebrum; contains the tentorium cerebelli

Question 15

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

Answer 15

Division of the parietal & occipital lobes; seen only on mid-sagittal view

Question 16

What is the limbic lobe?

Answer 16

Encircles the corpus callosum—this is the oldest part of the cortex

Question 17

What are the parts of the limbic lobe?

Answer 17

Cingulate gyrus= superior to the corpus callosum

Isthmus of the Cingulate Gyrus= narrowing of the cingulate gyrus posteriorly

Uncus= superior to the parahippocampal gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus= inferior portion of the limbic lobe near the brainstem

Question 18

What structure lies deep to the uncus?

Answer 18

Amygdala

Question 19

What is the pre-occipital notch? What is the parieto-occipital notch? What do these two structures delineate?

Answer 19

Pre-occipital= notch just superior to the transverse fissure

Parieto-occipital notch= indentation

*Landmarks for differentiating between the parietal, temporal & occipital lobes

Question 20

What is the precentral gyrus?

Answer 20

Primary motor area

Question 21

What is the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 21

Primary sensory area

Question 22

What is the insular cortex? Where is the insula?

Answer 22

The insular cortex is the cortex that lies deep to the lateral cerebral sulcus

Question 23

What are poles in the brain?

Answer 23

Edges of the lobes of the brain

• Frontal
• Temporal
• Occipital

Question 24

What is the Dicenephalon? What are the structures of the diencephalon?

Answer 24

Embryologically, it was part of the prosencephalon that later divides into the telencephalon & diencephalon. The structures of the diencephalon are the thalamic structures (gray matter/ nuclei) that include:

• Epithalamus= posterior—also called the pineal gland & sitting in the transverse fissure
• Thalamus= major sensory nucleus & largest
• Hypothalamus= anterior
• Subthalamus= lateral

Question 25

What are the parts of the corpus callosum?

Answer 25

``` Rostrum= beak Genu= bend Body= major portion Splenium= posterior swelling ```

Question 26

What are the two major sources of blood to the brain i.e. anterior & posterior circulation?

Answer 26

``` Posterior= vertebral arteries Anterior= internal carotids ```

Question 27

Where do the vertebral arteries join? What artery do they form when they join?

Answer 27

- Pontomedullary junction | - Basilar artery, which runs the midline of the pons

Question 28

What branch of the basilar artery comes off at the ponto-midbrain junction?

Answer 28

Posterior cerebral arteriesposterior part of the cerebral cortex

Question 29

What artery joints the posterior communicating artery to the internal carotids?

Answer 29

Posterior communicating

Question 30

What are the branches of the internal carotid?

Answer 30

Middle cerebral a. -->lateral sulcus | Anterior cerebral a. -->anterior sulcus

Question 31

What do the middle & anterior cerebral arteries supply?

Answer 31

``` Middle= lateral surface of the cortex Anterior= medial surface of the cortex ```

Question 32

What is the anterior communicating artery?

Answer 32

Artery that joins the two anterior communicating arteries—an important anastamosis

Question 33

What structure does the circle of willis form a circle around?

Answer 33

Pituitary gland

Question 34

What structure do the anterior cerebral arteries run superior to? Specifically what part?

Answer 34

Corpus callosum—genu, or bend

Question 35

In terms of the meninges, where do the cerebral arteries run?

Answer 35

Beneath the arachnoid mater, in the subarachnoid space i.e. between the pia mater & the the arachnoid mater

Question 36

What are the branches of the basilar artery?

Answer 36

AICA= anterior inferior cerebellar artery= rostral medulla & caudal pons SCA= superior cerebellar artery= cerebellum, rostral pons, caudal midbrain PCA= posterior cerebral artery

Question 37

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?

Answer 37

PICA= posterior inferior cerebellar artery that wraps around the medulla, giving blood to both the cerebellum & lateral medulla ASA= anterior spinal artery that also supplies medial medulla

Question 38

Where do the cranial dura & spinal dura join?

Answer 38

Foramen magnum

Question 39

What artery runs superior to the dura?

Answer 39

Middle meningeal

Question 40

What are arachnoid granulations?

Answer 40

Contain villi that remove CSF & reabsorb them into the dural venous sinus

Question 41

Where is the subdural space?

Answer 41

Above the arachnoid mater

Question 42

What are the four ventricles of the brain?

Answer 42

2x lateral= c-shaped & named for the lobes that they’re in (go through all 4 lobes) 3rd 4th

Question 43

What is the interventricular foramen (of monroe)?

Answer 43

Structure that joins the lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle

Question 44

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 44

Between the thalamus

Question 45

What connects that third ventricle to the fourth ventricle? Where is this structure located?

Answer 45

Cerebral aqueduct, which is in the midbrain

Question 46

Where are lateral ventricles?

Answer 46

Beneath the corpus callosum

Question 47

What is the septum pellucidum?

Answer 47

Wall between the left & right lateral ventricles

Question 48

What are the four openings of the fourth ventricle?

Answer 48

- Central canal of the spinal cord - Subarachnoid space via the 2x lateral foramen/ foramen of Luschka - Median aperture into the subarachnoid space

Question 49

Where is the choroid plexus? What is the choroid plexus?

Answer 49

Inside the ventricles—capillary bed that forms the CSF

Question 50

Why is there no Choroid Plexus in the Cerebral Aqueduct?

Answer 50

The diameter of the Cerebral Aqueduct is too small to accommodate the choroid plexus