Exam #1: Gross Brain & Blood Supply

Question 1

Review horizontal/ transverse, coronal, & sagittal/ parasagittal planes on MRI/CT.

Answer 1

N/A

Question 2

What is the difference between dorsal & ventral in the brain?

Answer 2

Dorsal= superior in reference to the brain & toward the back in reference to the spine

Ventral= inferior in reference to the brain & toward the front in reference to the spine

Question 3

What is the difference between rostral & caudal?

Answer 3

Rostral= toward the beak/ front
Caudal= toward the tail/ back

Question 4

Where does the cephalic flexure occur?

Answer 4

This is the “first flexure,” or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain.

Question 5

What is the difference between a gyrus & a sulcus?

Answer 5

Gyrus= elevation
Sulcus= shallow depression

Question 6

What is a deep depression in the brain called?

Answer 6

Fissure

Question 7

What is the function of the gyri & sulci?

Answer 7

Increased SA i.e. increase SA/V ratio

Question 8

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 8

Fissure between left & right hemispheres

*Note that the floor is the corpus callosum

Question 9

Where is the lateral fissure?

Answer 9

Fissure that separates the frontal/ parietal lobes from the temporal

Question 10

Where is the transverse fissure?

Answer 10

Between cerebellum & cerebral cortex

Question 11

What are the major functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 11

• Learned behavior
• Primary motor cortex
• Contains “Broca’s area” for speech & language

Question 12

What is the broad function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 12

Note that this is also called the “somatosensory cortex”

• Takes sensory info in & makes it conscious experience
• Integration of auditory, visual & somatosensory info

Question 13

What is the broad function of the temproal lobe?

Answer 13

Contains “Wernicke’s” area that functions in

• Reading
• Understanding & speaking written word
• Contains the primary auditory cortex

Question 14

Where is the limbic system?

Answer 14

Medial aspect of the temporal lobe

Question 15

What is the broad function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 15

Primary visual cortex & other functions associated with vision

Question 16

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 16

Demarcation between the frontal & parietal lobes

Question 17

What is the lateal sulcus?

Answer 17

This is the demarcation between the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Question 18

What gyrus sits infront of the central sulcus?

Answer 18

Precentral gyrus–MOTOR

Question 19

What gyrus sits behind the central sulcus?

Answer 19

Postcentral gyrus–SENSORY

Question 20

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus? Where is this sulcus visualized?

Answer 20

Demarcation between occipital and parietal lobes, which is viewed from the MEDIAL aspect

Question 21

What is the calcarine sulcus?

Answer 21

Sulcus in the occipital lobe itself, viewed MEDIALLY ina mid-sagittal cut

*****Note that the primary visual cortex surrounds the boundaries of this sulcus

Question 22

Where is the insula? How do you find it?

Answer 22

Deep to the lateral fissure apart you’ll find the insular lobe

Question 23

What is the broad function of the insula?

Answer 23

Visceral function

Question 24

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 24

Connection between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 25

Where is the cingulate gyrus?

Answer 25

Superior to the corpus callosum

Question 26

What are the parts of the limbic system?

Answer 26

Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal Gyrus Uncus

Question 27

What are the basal nuclei/ganglia of the brain?

Answer 27

Collections of nerve cell bodies imbedded within the cortex

Question 28

What are the parts of the basal nuclei/ ganglia?

Answer 28

``` Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamus Substantia nigra ``` *****Subthalamus that is also part of the diencephalon

Question 29

What is the general function of the basal nuclei?

Answer 29

Motor function

Question 30

What is the diencephalon? What are the parts of the Diencephalon?

Answer 30

Collection of nuclei in the central position of the brain consisting of: 1) Thalamus 2) Hypothalamus 3) Subthalamus 4) Epithalamus

Question 31

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 31

Relaying sensory information

Question 32

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

Connection between the brain & endocrine system

Question 33

What is the function of the epithalamus?

Answer 33

The epithalamus contains the pineal body & functions in circadian rhythms

Question 34

Where are the hippocampus & amygdala?

Answer 34

Deep into the temporal lobe; amygdala is anterior to the hippocamus

Question 35

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 35

Memory | Spatial navigation

Question 36

What does damage to the mammillary bodies present as?

Answer 36

Anterograde amneisa

Question 37

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 37

Memory processing and emotional reactions - Fear - Aggression

Question 38

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

Answer 38

Vermis

Question 39

What is the broad function of the cerebellum?

Answer 39

Refined motor function

Question 40

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

Answer 40

1) Midbrain 2) Pons 3) Medulla

Question 41

What is the landmark for the midbrain?

Answer 41

Cerebral peduncles

Question 42

What is the Corpora Quadragemini? What is the function of the Corpora Quadragemini?

Answer 42

Four nuclei of the midbrain - 2x superior= vision - 2x inferior= auditory

Question 43

What provides the anterior circulation of the brain?

Answer 43

Internal carotid arteries ****80%

Question 44

What provides the posterior circulation of the brain?

Answer 44

Vertebral arteries

Question 45

Where do the carotid arteries bifurcate into the internal & external carotid arteries?

Answer 45

Level of the thyroid cartilage

Question 46

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

Answer 46

Foramen magnum

Question 47

What artery do the vertebral arteries join to form?

Answer 47

Basilar artery

Question 48

What are the branches of the internal carotid arteries?

Answer 48

Anterior Cerebral | Middle Cerebral

Question 49

What connects that Anterior Cerebral arteries?

Answer 49

Anterior Communicating

Question 50

What connects that Middle Cerebral arteries?

Answer 50

Posterior Communicating

Question 51

What lobe of the brain does the anterior cerebral NOT supply?

Answer 51

Occipital

Question 52

What are the two divisions of the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 52

Superior & inferior divisions - Superior= frontal & parietal lobe - Inferior= temporal lobe ******Middle cerebral supplies the insula itself

Question 53

What are watershed territories? Why are the watershed territories clinically important?

Answer 53

The arteries the form the anterior circulation of the brain don't completely connect on the superior medial aspects of the brain; rather, each major artery (anterior & middle) sends small capillaries that anastomose *****Prone to ischemic stroke

Question 54

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?

Answer 54

Posterior spinal artery Anterior spinal artery Posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA)

Question 55

What are the branches of the basilar artery?

Answer 55

Anterior inferior cerebellar (AICA) Superior cerebellar artery Pontine arteries

Question 56

Where does the anterior spinal artery run?

Answer 56

Anterior median fissure of the medulla

Question 57

Where does the PICA branch from?

Answer 57

Basilar artery, distal/ lateral to the posterior spinal artery

Question 58

What lobe does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 58

Inferior occipital lobe | Inferior temporal lobe

Question 59

What is the calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery? What does it supply?

Answer 59

Branch of the posterior cerebral artery that supplies the visual cortex surrounding the Calcarine Sulcus.c

Question 60

Where is the Cerebral Vein of Galen?

Answer 60

"Main Brain Drain Vein"

Question 61

Where are the Basal veins of Rosenthal?

Answer 61

Help drain venous blood from the braimstem & enter the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen into the jugular system

Question 62

What is the vein of Trolard?

Answer 62

Drains blood from the superior surface of the brain into the sagittal sinus

Question 63

What is the Vein of Labbe?

Answer 63

Drains blood from the inferior surface of the of the brain

Question 64

What are the bridging veins?

Answer 64

Veins that connect the vein of Trolard & Labbe

Question 65

What is the clinical significance of the bridging veins?

Answer 65

Ripping/ tearing of these veins lead to Subdural hematoma