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pharm > exam 1: intro to pharm > Flashcards

exam 1: intro to pharm Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how the body affects a drug

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2
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how a drug affects the body

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3
Q

example of pharmacokinetics

A

drug metabolism - absorption, metabolism, and elimination

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4
Q

oral drug administration

A
  • cheap, easy to administer, convenient
  • 1st pass metabolism, must be GI-compatible, potential for abuse
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5
Q

parenteral drug administration

A

IV (very fast), intramuscular, subcutaneous

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6
Q

transdermal drug administration

A

complex pharmacokinetics and inconsistent absorption

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7
Q

inhalation drug administration

A

very rapid, may or may not remain local

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8
Q

buccal/sublingual drug administration

A

faster than oral, but slower than IV or inhalation, does not require sterilization

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9
Q

insulin absorption and metabolism may be affected by what

A

site on injection, modalities, exercise

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10
Q

clearance of drugs from body is highly dependent on what

A

liver and kidney function

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11
Q

factors affecting pharmacokinetics

A
  • age: older adults and children metabolize drugs more slowly
  • liver and kidney dysfunction
  • enzyme-induction in liver
  • presence of certain chemicals (ex- vitamin C)
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12
Q

when is the therapeutic dose achieved

A

at 4-5 times the half life

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13
Q

potency

A

the amount of a drug necessary to achieve a given response

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14
Q

efficacy

A

the effectiveness of a drug in producing the desired response when given at its max dose

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15
Q

is potency or efficacy better

A

efficacy

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16
Q

will a more potent drug or efficacious drug reach its max response quicker

A

potent drug

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17
Q

will a more potent or efficacious drug reach its max response slower

A

efficacious

18
Q

drug “dose” is determined by what

A

potency of the med

19
Q

a more potent drug will require a bigger or lesser dose?

A

lesser

20
Q

what is the therapeutic window

A

difference between the effective dose (ED50) and a dose that is lethal (LD50)

21
Q

do you want a small or large therapeutic window

A

large

22
Q

drugs with a narrow therapeutic window

A

digoxin, lithium salts, and phenobarbital

23
Q

which principle is very important for crossing the blood-brain barrier

A

lipophilic properties

24
Q

neurotransmitters and their receptors examples

A

acetylcholine R, serotonin R, dopamine R

25
Q

what are the 2 hormone receptors?

A

membrane and intracellular receptors

26
Q

membrane receptors examples

A

insulin R, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

27
Q

intracellular receptors examples

A

thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid receptors

28
Q

EPSP

A
  • decreased K or Cl conductance
  • increased Na or Ca conductance
29
Q

IPSP

A
  • increased K or Cl conductance
  • decreased Na or Ca conductance
30
Q

drug treatment for seizure disorders focuses on what

A

suppressing the excitability of cortical neurons that trigger the seizure

31
Q

in general, how do the drugs work that suppress seizures

A

work by enhancing the action fo GABA

32
Q

anti-epilepsy meds

A

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carboxylic acids, hydantoins, and iminostilbenes

33
Q

barbiturates examples and MOA

A
  • phenobarbital, Solfoton
  • potentiate inhibitory effect of GABA/block excitatory effect of glutamate
34
Q

benzodiazepines examples and MOA

A
  • diazepam, Valium
  • potentiate inhibitory effect of GABA
35
Q

carboxylic acids examples and MOA

A
  • valporic acid, Depakene
  • alter K channels and/or increase GABA concentration
36
Q

hydantoins examples and MOA

A
  • phenytoin, Dilantin
  • alter Na channels, may increase GABA and/or NE
37
Q

iminostilbenes examples and MOA

A
  • carbamazepine, Tegretol
  • alter Na channels, may increase GABA and/or NE
38
Q

likelihood of an adverse reaction depends on what factors

A

genetics (polymorphism’s), gender, age, health, etc

39
Q

severity and duration of side effects are directly related to what

A

half life of a drug

40
Q

side effects are compounded by what

A

by conditions that limit liver/kidney function such as aging, HF, liver disease, kidney failure, etc

pharm (5 decks)

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