exam 1: intro to pharm Flashcards
pharmacokinetics
how the body affects a drug
pharmacodynamics
how a drug affects the body
example of pharmacokinetics
drug metabolism - absorption, metabolism, and elimination
oral drug administration
- cheap, easy to administer, convenient
- 1st pass metabolism, must be GI-compatible, potential for abuse
parenteral drug administration
IV (very fast), intramuscular, subcutaneous
transdermal drug administration
complex pharmacokinetics and inconsistent absorption
inhalation drug administration
very rapid, may or may not remain local
buccal/sublingual drug administration
faster than oral, but slower than IV or inhalation, does not require sterilization
insulin absorption and metabolism may be affected by what
site on injection, modalities, exercise
clearance of drugs from body is highly dependent on what
liver and kidney function
factors affecting pharmacokinetics
- age: older adults and children metabolize drugs more slowly
- liver and kidney dysfunction
- enzyme-induction in liver
- presence of certain chemicals (ex- vitamin C)
when is the therapeutic dose achieved
at 4-5 times the half life
potency
the amount of a drug necessary to achieve a given response
efficacy
the effectiveness of a drug in producing the desired response when given at its max dose
is potency or efficacy better
efficacy
will a more potent drug or efficacious drug reach its max response quicker
potent drug
will a more potent or efficacious drug reach its max response slower
efficacious
drug “dose” is determined by what
potency of the med
a more potent drug will require a bigger or lesser dose?
lesser
what is the therapeutic window
difference between the effective dose (ED50) and a dose that is lethal (LD50)
do you want a small or large therapeutic window
large
drugs with a narrow therapeutic window
digoxin, lithium salts, and phenobarbital
which principle is very important for crossing the blood-brain barrier
lipophilic properties
neurotransmitters and their receptors examples
acetylcholine R, serotonin R, dopamine R
what are the 2 hormone receptors?
membrane and intracellular receptors
membrane receptors examples
insulin R, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
intracellular receptors examples
thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid receptors
EPSP
- decreased K or Cl conductance
- increased Na or Ca conductance
IPSP
- increased K or Cl conductance
- decreased Na or Ca conductance
drug treatment for seizure disorders focuses on what
suppressing the excitability of cortical neurons that trigger the seizure
in general, how do the drugs work that suppress seizures
work by enhancing the action fo GABA
anti-epilepsy meds
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carboxylic acids, hydantoins, and iminostilbenes
barbiturates examples and MOA
- phenobarbital, Solfoton
- potentiate inhibitory effect of GABA/block excitatory effect of glutamate
benzodiazepines examples and MOA
- diazepam, Valium
- potentiate inhibitory effect of GABA
carboxylic acids examples and MOA
- valporic acid, Depakene
- alter K channels and/or increase GABA concentration
hydantoins examples and MOA
- phenytoin, Dilantin
- alter Na channels, may increase GABA and/or NE
iminostilbenes examples and MOA
- carbamazepine, Tegretol
- alter Na channels, may increase GABA and/or NE
likelihood of an adverse reaction depends on what factors
genetics (polymorphism’s), gender, age, health, etc
severity and duration of side effects are directly related to what
half life of a drug
side effects are compounded by what
by conditions that limit liver/kidney function such as aging, HF, liver disease, kidney failure, etc
