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exam 1 drugs to know Flashcards

1
Q

cholinergic/muscarinic agonists drugs

A

bethanechol, neostigmine, tacrine

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2
Q

bethanechol uses

A

post-op to stimulate GI and urinary function

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3
Q

neostigmine uses

A

post-op GI and urinary tract stimulant, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma

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4
Q

tacrine uses

A

dementia of the Alzheimers type

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5
Q

cholinergic/muscarinic agonists overall uses

A

ilius, atony of bladder, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and reversal of neuromuscular block

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6
Q

cholinergic/muscarinic agonists side effetcs

A
  • over-activation of PNS- GI distress
  • non-specificity can cause bronchoconstriction, excessive salivation, bradycardia, difficulty in visual accommodation, flushing/sweating
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7
Q

cholinergic/muscarinic antagonists drugs

A

oxybutynin, ipratropium, scopolamine

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8
Q

oxybutynin uses

A

neurogenic bladder in SCI patients (want to decrease peeing)

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9
Q

ipratropium uses

A

bronchodilator in asthma and COPD

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10
Q

scopolamine uses

A

inhibit vestibular system to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness or from anesthesia after surgery

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11
Q

cholinergic/muscarinic antagonists overall uses

A

irritable bowel, peptic ulcer, motion sickness, bradycardia, Parkinson’s, urinary frequency/incontinence, respiratory distress/asthma, produce mydriasis, treatment of poisoning

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12
Q

cholinergic/muscarinic antagonists side effects

A

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, CNS symptoms- confusion, nervousness, drowsiness

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13
Q

alpha 2 receptor agonist drug

A

clonadine

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14
Q

clonadine uses

A

treating autonomic dysreflexia

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15
Q

clonadine side effects

A

sedation

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16
Q

diuretic drugs

A

chlorothiazide, hydrochlorathiazide, furesomide

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17
Q

diuretic side effects

A

hyponatremia, hypokalemia, arrhythmia, electrolyte imbalance, volume depletion, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, exacerbation of HF and reflex tachycardia

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18
Q

sympatholytic drug types

A

alpha blockers and beta blockers

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19
Q

alpha blocker drug

A

prazosin

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20
Q

prazosin side effects

A

reflex tachycardia, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension

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21
Q

beta blockers drugs

A

metoprolol and propranolol

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22
Q

beta blockers uses

A

decrease work of heart by decreasing CONTRACTILITY for angina pectoris

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23
Q

beta blockers side effects

A

bronchoconstriction, decreased HR and contractility, decreases exercise tolerance, orthostatic hypotension

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24
Q

vasodilators (nitrates) drugs

A

nitroglycerin, nitropresside, minoxidril

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25
Q

minoxidril is also used to treat what

A

CHF

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26
Q

vasodilators (nitrates) uses

A

work by decreasing the WORKLOAD on the heart for angina pectoris

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27
Q

vasodilators (nitrates) side effects

A

reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, headache

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28
Q

ACE inhibitor drug

A

captopril

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29
Q

captopril uses

A

help prevent progression to HF

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30
Q

captopril side effects

A

dry cough

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31
Q

angiotensin II blocker drug

A

losartan

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32
Q

calcium channel blockers drugs

A

nifedipine, verapamil

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33
Q

calcium channel blockers uses

A

work by blocking Ca entry into smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and decreasing afterload and preload for angina pectoris

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34
Q

calcium channel blockers side effects

A

excessive vasodilation and edema of feet and ankles, orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmia, reflex tachycardia, and weakness

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35
Q

anti-arrhythmic drugs

A
  • class I: sodium channel blockers- Lidocaine
  • class II: beta blockers- Metoprolol, Propranolol
  • class III: drugs affecting repolarization- Amiodarone
  • class IV: calcium channel blockers- Verapamil
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36
Q

heart failure dugs

A
  • digitalis glycosides: digitoxin and digoxin
  • ACE inhibitors: captopril
  • vasodilators/nitrates: minoxidril
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37
Q

digitalis glycosides uses

A

increase cardiac pumping ability for HF

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38
Q

digitalis glycosides side effects

A

dig toxicity, GI distress, nausea, vomiting, CNS disturbances - drowsiness, fatigue, confusion, visual disturbances, heart rhythm, disturbances

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39
Q

captopril (ACE inhibitor) uses

A

prevent angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction; limit aldosterone secretion

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40
Q

anti-coagulant drugs

A

heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban

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41
Q

heparin is used specifically for what

A

DVT prophylaxis (prior to THA, TKA surgery, during periods of immobilization), and treatment of thromboembolism, and pulmonary embolism

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42
Q

warfarin uses

A

long term anticoagulant, limits production of vitamin L from vitamin K epoxide, preventing completion of clotting cascade

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43
Q

anti-coagulants MOA

A

inhibit synthesis and function of clotting factors

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44
Q

anti-coagulants uses

A

primarily to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism

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45
Q

anti-coagulants side effects

A

hemorrhage, joint pain, back pain, thrombocytopenia (heparin), stomach irritation (aspirin and warfarin)

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46
Q

anti-platelet drugs (GP-2b3a inhibitors)

A

clopidogrel and aspirin

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47
Q

anti-platelet drugs MOA

A

reduces expression of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and inhibits ADP-dependent platelet aggregation

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48
Q

aspirin MOA

A

impairs hepatic synthesis of factors VII, IX, and X
has been shown to decrease risk for MI, or reoccurrence

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49
Q

thrombolytic drugs

A

streptokinase and TPA (alteplase)

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50
Q

thrombolytic drugs MOA

A

convert plasminogen to plasmin, actually break up clots that already exist, activate fibrinolysin

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51
Q

thrombolytic drug uses

A

MI, stroke, PE, peripheral artery occlusion

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52
Q

lipid lowering drugs

A

cholestyramine, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin

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53
Q

cholestyramine uses

A

decreases plasma LDL- cholesterol levels

54
Q

lovastatin and simvastatin uses

A

deceases plasma LDL-cholesterol levels; may also decrease triglycerides and increase HDL somewhat

55
Q

antitussive uses

A

cough suppressant

56
Q

antitussive drugs

A

dextramethorphan (robitussin)

57
Q

antitussive drugs side effects

A

sedation, but not habit forming

58
Q

mucolytic drugs

A

acetylcystine (mucomyst)

59
Q

mucolytic drug uses

A

decrease viscosity of mucous so it can be coughed up

60
Q

acetylcystine uses

A
  • most common, given by inhalation or intratracheal instillation
  • breaks disulfide bonds and acts as an antioxidant
61
Q

expectorant drugs

A

guaifenesin (mucinex)

62
Q

expectorant uses

A

increases mucous production and ejection

63
Q

decongestants (alpha-adrenergic agonists) drugs

A

ephedrine, phenylephrine

64
Q

decongestants uses

A

decrease airway resistance, constrict nasal and sinus blood vessels, thus decreasing blood flow and fluid extravasation

65
Q

decongestants side effects

A

tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia

66
Q

antihistamine drugs

A

chloropheniramine, loratadine (claritin)

67
Q

antihistamine drug uses

A
  • decrease nasal and sinus secretion
  • decrease mucosal irritation, discharge, and cough
  • decrease conjuncitvitis
  • decrease pressure, pain, and edema
  • all work by blocking histamine receptors
68
Q

antihistamine side effects

A

drowsiness and sleepiness

69
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease treatment drugs

A

albuterol, epinephrine, ipratropium, theophylline

70
Q

albuterol

A

b-2 agonist
- given by metered dose inhaler
- potent and rapid acting bronchodilator

71
Q

albuterol side effects

A

tachycardia, nervousness, sleeplessness, chronic use- increased bronchospasm

72
Q

epinephrine

A

b-2 agonist and alpha
- good for bee stings
- inhalation, subcutaneous, and intramuscular administration

73
Q

ipratropium

A

anticholinergic
- blocks cholinergic-mediated PNS bronchiolar constriction
- administered by inhaler so less systemic spread, fewer side effects

74
Q

ipratropium side effects

A

constipation, dry mouth, visual disturbances, mental status changes, urinary retention, blurred vision, tachycardia, confusion

75
Q

theophylline

A

xanthine derivative
- bronchodilator, increases respiratory muscle strength, increases mucocilliary transport, decrease pulmonary artery pressure, and decreases histamine release
- works by inhibiting PDE enzyme (inhibits breakdown of cAMP

76
Q

theophylline side effects

A

CNS stimulators, sleeplessness, nervousness, toxicity: nausea/vomiting, confusion, seizures, death

77
Q

airway anti-inflammatory drug

A

cortisone

78
Q

airway anti-inflammatory uses

A
  • block cellular and prostaglandin-mediated airway construction and irritation
  • all are glucocorticoids
79
Q

cromone drugs

A

cromolyn sodium

80
Q

cromolyn sodium uses

A
  • prevents bronchospasm in asthma
  • prevents release of inflammatory mediators
  • MDI and nebulizer administration
  • very few side effects
  • used to treat asthma in children
81
Q

antacid drugs

A

ranitidine (zantac)

82
Q

ranitidine (zantac) uses

A

H2 blocker for ulcer, GERD, and dyspepsia

83
Q

antacid side effects

A

may decrease metabolism of some drugs, such as hormonal contraceptives, enhances estrogen activity, may lead to galactorrhea in women, gynecomastia and sexual dysfunction in men, and affects the metabolism of methadone and the antimalarial medication hydroxychloroquine

84
Q

proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) drugs

A

lansoprazole, omeprazole

85
Q

PPIs MOA

A

inhibits K/H exchanger or proton pump that pumps H into the lumen of stomach

86
Q

PPIs uses

A
  • antibacterial against helicobacter pylori
  • drug of choice in treating gastric and duodenal ulcers and GERD
87
Q

PPIs adverse reactions

A
  • headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness
  • decreased vitamin B12 absorption with long term use
  • increase risk of community acquired pneumonia
  • increased risk of C-diff
  • may increase risk of osteoporosis
88
Q

laxative drugs

A

psyllium (metamucil), bisacodyl (dulcolax)

89
Q

psyllium (metamucil)

A

bulk fiber that absorbs water

90
Q

bisacodyl (dulcolax)

A

direct “irritant” to GI wall

91
Q

laxative side effects

A
  • nausea, cramps
  • prolonged use: lower GI irritation, spastic colitis, water and electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, loss of normal bowel function and addiction
92
Q

anti-diarrheal drugs

A

loperamide (imodium)

93
Q

loperamide uses

A

slows GI tract motility and secretion

94
Q

anti-diarrheal side effects

A

nausea, abdominal discomfort, constipation, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, potential for addiction/tolerance

95
Q

antiemetic drugs (anti-cholinergic)

A

scopolamine

96
Q

antiemetic uses

A
  • inhibit vomiting
  • helps patients treated with chemo or radiation treatment who experience nausea/vomiting
97
Q

antiemetic MOA

A

work by either blocking histamine or Ach receptors or act centrally to diminish dopamine neurotransmission

98
Q

antiemetic side effects

A

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, CNS symptoms: confusion, nervousness, drowsiness

99
Q

biologic for Crohn’s or IBS

A

infliximab (remicade)

100
Q

remicade uses

A

used to treat RA, psoriatic arthritis, UC, Crohn’s, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis

101
Q

remicade adverse effects

A

hypersensitivity reaction, headaches, abdominal pain, anemia, infection (respiratory), and flushing

102
Q

weight loss drugs

A

orlistat (xenical)

103
Q

weight loss drugs MOA

A

non-systemic inhibitor of GI lipase; prevents the breakdown of dietary fats by inactivating the enzymes that break them down

104
Q

weight loss drugs adverse effects

A
  • malabsorption of vitamins and minerals, especially fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E
  • headache, flatulence with discharge, fatty stool, fecal incontinence, increased defecation, abdominal pain/discomfort
105
Q

weight loss drug interactions

A

may interfere with warfarin dosage

106
Q

glucocorticoids/steroid anti-inflammatory drugs

A

cortisone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone

107
Q

glucocorticoids/steroid anti-inflammatory drug side effects

A
  • adrenocortical suppression- suppress CRH production
  • drug indued cushing syndrome
  • peptic ulcer, growth retardation children, immunosuppression, glaucoma, mood changes, psychosis, Na and water reabsorption
108
Q

rapid acting insulin preparation

A

humulin R
given when blood glucose is hard to control

109
Q

intermediate insulin preparation

A

humulin N, NPH

110
Q

long acting insulin preparation

A

humulin U, insulin glacrine (lantus)
given when blood glucose is stable

111
Q

oral hypoglycemic drugs

A

metformin, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, glyburide, stiagliptin, exenatide, glucovance

112
Q

oral hypoglycemic uses

A
  • lower blood glucose in patients with type 2 DM
  • increase insulin release and increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
  • most hypoglycemics are sulgonylureas
113
Q

metformin

A

biguanide
- works in liver to decrease hepatic glucose output
- blood glucose affected: fasting

114
Q

metformin side effects

A

GI distress, gas, metallic taste

115
Q

rosiglitazone

A

has been shown to cause multiple health problems

116
Q

repaglinide

A

glitinide
- works in the pancreas to increase endogenous insulin secretion (fast)
- blood glucose affected is postprandial

117
Q

repaglinide side effects

A

hypoglycemia, GI distress, weight gain

118
Q

glyburide

A

sulfonylurea
- works in the pancreas to increase endogenous insulin secretion (slow)
- blood glucose affected is fasting postprandial

119
Q

glyburide side effects

A

hypoglycemia, GI distress, weight gain, skin rash

120
Q

sitagliptin

A

DPP-4 inhibitor
- works in the GI tract to inhibit breakdown of GLP-1

121
Q

exenatide

A

GLP-1 inhibitor
- works in the pancreas; exogenous GLP-1
- modest blood glucose lowering, postprandial

122
Q

exenatide side effects

A

nausea/vomiting, satiety, weight loss, headache

123
Q

glucovance

A

mixture of glyburide and metformin to control glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM

124
Q

thyroid hormone replacement drugs

A

levothyroxine
- contrains T4; synthetic

125
Q

bone mineralization drugs

A

CaCO4, calcitroil, etidronate, estrogen

126
Q

CaCO4 uses

A

direct source of Ca combined with estrogen to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis

127
Q

CaCO4 side effects

A
  • headache, drowsiness, constipation, fatigue
  • OD: muscle tetanus, convulsion, death
128
Q

calcitriol uses

A
  • vitamin D analogue
  • increases Ca and PO4 absorption and retention
129
Q

calcitriol side effects

A

toxic effects include headache, nausea/vomiting, arrythmia, seizure

130
Q

etidronate uses

A

biphosphonate
- blocks bone resorption in Paget’s disease and heterotrophic ossification

131
Q

etidronate side effects

A

tenderness and potential for fracture over Paget’s lesions

132
Q

most effective bone mineralization drug

A

etidronate

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