exam 1 drugs to know Flashcards
1
Q
cholinergic/muscarinic agonists drugs
A
bethanechol, neostigmine, tacrine
2
Q
bethanechol uses
A
post-op to stimulate GI and urinary function
3
Q
neostigmine uses
A
post-op GI and urinary tract stimulant, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma
4
Q
tacrine uses
A
dementia of the Alzheimers type
5
Q
cholinergic/muscarinic agonists overall uses
A
ilius, atony of bladder, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and reversal of neuromuscular block
6
Q
cholinergic/muscarinic agonists side effetcs
A
- over-activation of PNS- GI distress
- non-specificity can cause bronchoconstriction, excessive salivation, bradycardia, difficulty in visual accommodation, flushing/sweating
7
Q
cholinergic/muscarinic antagonists drugs
A
oxybutynin, ipratropium, scopolamine
8
Q
oxybutynin uses
A
neurogenic bladder in SCI patients (want to decrease peeing)
9
Q
ipratropium uses
A
bronchodilator in asthma and COPD
10
Q
scopolamine uses
A
inhibit vestibular system to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness or from anesthesia after surgery
11
Q
cholinergic/muscarinic antagonists overall uses
A
irritable bowel, peptic ulcer, motion sickness, bradycardia, Parkinson’s, urinary frequency/incontinence, respiratory distress/asthma, produce mydriasis, treatment of poisoning
12
Q
cholinergic/muscarinic antagonists side effects
A
dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, CNS symptoms- confusion, nervousness, drowsiness
13
Q
alpha 2 receptor agonist drug
A
clonadine
14
Q
clonadine uses
A
treating autonomic dysreflexia
15
Q
clonadine side effects
A
sedation
16
Q
diuretic drugs
A
chlorothiazide, hydrochlorathiazide, furesomide
17
Q
diuretic side effects
A
hyponatremia, hypokalemia, arrhythmia, electrolyte imbalance, volume depletion, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, exacerbation of HF and reflex tachycardia
18
Q
sympatholytic drug types
A
alpha blockers and beta blockers
19
Q
alpha blocker drug
A
prazosin
20
Q
prazosin side effects
A
reflex tachycardia, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension
21
Q
beta blockers drugs
A
metoprolol and propranolol
22
Q
beta blockers uses
A
decrease work of heart by decreasing CONTRACTILITY for angina pectoris
23
Q
beta blockers side effects
A
bronchoconstriction, decreased HR and contractility, decreases exercise tolerance, orthostatic hypotension
24
Q
vasodilators (nitrates) drugs
A
nitroglycerin, nitropresside, minoxidril
25
minoxidril is also used to treat what
CHF
26
vasodilators (nitrates) uses
work by decreasing the WORKLOAD on the heart for angina pectoris
27
vasodilators (nitrates) side effects
reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, headache
28
ACE inhibitor drug
captopril
29
captopril uses
help prevent progression to HF
30
captopril side effects
dry cough
31
angiotensin II blocker drug
losartan
32
calcium channel blockers drugs
nifedipine, verapamil
33
calcium channel blockers uses
work by blocking Ca entry into smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and decreasing afterload and preload for angina pectoris
34
calcium channel blockers side effects
excessive vasodilation and edema of feet and ankles, orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmia, reflex tachycardia, and weakness
35
anti-arrhythmic drugs
- class I: sodium channel blockers- Lidocaine
- class II: beta blockers- Metoprolol, Propranolol
- class III: drugs affecting repolarization- Amiodarone
- class IV: calcium channel blockers- Verapamil
36
heart failure dugs
- digitalis glycosides: digitoxin and digoxin
- ACE inhibitors: captopril
- vasodilators/nitrates: minoxidril
37
digitalis glycosides uses
increase cardiac pumping ability for HF
38
digitalis glycosides side effects
dig toxicity, GI distress, nausea, vomiting, CNS disturbances - drowsiness, fatigue, confusion, visual disturbances, heart rhythm, disturbances
39
captopril (ACE inhibitor) uses
prevent angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction; limit aldosterone secretion
40
anti-coagulant drugs
heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban
41
heparin is used specifically for what
DVT prophylaxis (prior to THA, TKA surgery, during periods of immobilization), and treatment of thromboembolism, and pulmonary embolism
42
warfarin uses
long term anticoagulant, limits production of vitamin L from vitamin K epoxide, preventing completion of clotting cascade
43
anti-coagulants MOA
inhibit synthesis and function of clotting factors
44
anti-coagulants uses
primarily to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism
45
anti-coagulants side effects
hemorrhage, joint pain, back pain, thrombocytopenia (heparin), stomach irritation (aspirin and warfarin)
46
anti-platelet drugs (GP-2b3a inhibitors)
clopidogrel and aspirin
47
anti-platelet drugs MOA
reduces expression of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and inhibits ADP-dependent platelet aggregation
48
aspirin MOA
impairs hepatic synthesis of factors VII, IX, and X
has been shown to decrease risk for MI, or reoccurrence
49
thrombolytic drugs
streptokinase and TPA (alteplase)
50
thrombolytic drugs MOA
convert plasminogen to plasmin, actually break up clots that already exist, activate fibrinolysin
51
thrombolytic drug uses
MI, stroke, PE, peripheral artery occlusion
52
lipid lowering drugs
cholestyramine, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin
53
cholestyramine uses
decreases plasma LDL- cholesterol levels
54
lovastatin and simvastatin uses
deceases plasma LDL-cholesterol levels; may also decrease triglycerides and increase HDL somewhat
55
antitussive uses
cough suppressant
56
antitussive drugs
dextramethorphan (robitussin)
57
antitussive drugs side effects
sedation, but not habit forming
58
mucolytic drugs
acetylcystine (mucomyst)
59
mucolytic drug uses
decrease viscosity of mucous so it can be coughed up
60
acetylcystine uses
- most common, given by inhalation or intratracheal instillation
- breaks disulfide bonds and acts as an antioxidant
61
expectorant drugs
guaifenesin (mucinex)
62
expectorant uses
increases mucous production and ejection
63
decongestants (alpha-adrenergic agonists) drugs
ephedrine, phenylephrine
64
decongestants uses
decrease airway resistance, constrict nasal and sinus blood vessels, thus decreasing blood flow and fluid extravasation
65
decongestants side effects
tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia
66
antihistamine drugs
chloropheniramine, loratadine (claritin)
67
antihistamine drug uses
- decrease nasal and sinus secretion
- decrease mucosal irritation, discharge, and cough
- decrease conjuncitvitis
- decrease pressure, pain, and edema
- all work by blocking histamine receptors
68
antihistamine side effects
drowsiness and sleepiness
69
obstructive pulmonary disease treatment drugs
albuterol, epinephrine, ipratropium, theophylline
70
albuterol
b-2 agonist
- given by metered dose inhaler
- potent and rapid acting bronchodilator
71
albuterol side effects
tachycardia, nervousness, sleeplessness, chronic use- increased bronchospasm
72
epinephrine
b-2 agonist and alpha
- good for bee stings
- inhalation, subcutaneous, and intramuscular administration
73
ipratropium
anticholinergic
- blocks cholinergic-mediated PNS bronchiolar constriction
- administered by inhaler so less systemic spread, fewer side effects
74
ipratropium side effects
constipation, dry mouth, visual disturbances, mental status changes, urinary retention, blurred vision, tachycardia, confusion
75
theophylline
xanthine derivative
- bronchodilator, increases respiratory muscle strength, increases mucocilliary transport, decrease pulmonary artery pressure, and decreases histamine release
- works by inhibiting PDE enzyme (inhibits breakdown of cAMP
76
theophylline side effects
CNS stimulators, sleeplessness, nervousness, toxicity: nausea/vomiting, confusion, seizures, death
77
airway anti-inflammatory drug
cortisone
78
airway anti-inflammatory uses
- block cellular and prostaglandin-mediated airway construction and irritation
- all are glucocorticoids
79
cromone drugs
cromolyn sodium
80
cromolyn sodium uses
- prevents bronchospasm in asthma
- prevents release of inflammatory mediators
- MDI and nebulizer administration
- very few side effects
- used to treat asthma in children
81
antacid drugs
ranitidine (zantac)
82
ranitidine (zantac) uses
H2 blocker for ulcer, GERD, and dyspepsia
83
antacid side effects
may decrease metabolism of some drugs, such as hormonal contraceptives, enhances estrogen activity, may lead to galactorrhea in women, gynecomastia and sexual dysfunction in men, and affects the metabolism of methadone and the antimalarial medication hydroxychloroquine
84
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) drugs
lansoprazole, omeprazole
85
PPIs MOA
inhibits K/H exchanger or proton pump that pumps H into the lumen of stomach
86
PPIs uses
- antibacterial against helicobacter pylori
- drug of choice in treating gastric and duodenal ulcers and GERD
87
PPIs adverse reactions
- headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness
- decreased vitamin B12 absorption with long term use
- increase risk of community acquired pneumonia
- increased risk of C-diff
- may increase risk of osteoporosis
88
laxative drugs
psyllium (metamucil), bisacodyl (dulcolax)
89
psyllium (metamucil)
bulk fiber that absorbs water
90
bisacodyl (dulcolax)
direct "irritant" to GI wall
91
laxative side effects
- nausea, cramps
- prolonged use: lower GI irritation, spastic colitis, water and electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, loss of normal bowel function and addiction
92
anti-diarrheal drugs
loperamide (imodium)
93
loperamide uses
slows GI tract motility and secretion
94
anti-diarrheal side effects
nausea, abdominal discomfort, constipation, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, potential for addiction/tolerance
95
antiemetic drugs (anti-cholinergic)
scopolamine
96
antiemetic uses
- inhibit vomiting
- helps patients treated with chemo or radiation treatment who experience nausea/vomiting
97
antiemetic MOA
work by either blocking histamine or Ach receptors or act centrally to diminish dopamine neurotransmission
98
antiemetic side effects
dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, CNS symptoms: confusion, nervousness, drowsiness
99
biologic for Crohn's or IBS
infliximab (remicade)
100
remicade uses
used to treat RA, psoriatic arthritis, UC, Crohn's, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis
101
remicade adverse effects
hypersensitivity reaction, headaches, abdominal pain, anemia, infection (respiratory), and flushing
102
weight loss drugs
orlistat (xenical)
103
weight loss drugs MOA
non-systemic inhibitor of GI lipase; prevents the breakdown of dietary fats by inactivating the enzymes that break them down
104
weight loss drugs adverse effects
- malabsorption of vitamins and minerals, especially fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E
- headache, flatulence with discharge, fatty stool, fecal incontinence, increased defecation, abdominal pain/discomfort
105
weight loss drug interactions
may interfere with warfarin dosage
106
glucocorticoids/steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
cortisone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone
107
glucocorticoids/steroid anti-inflammatory drug side effects
- adrenocortical suppression- suppress CRH production
- drug indued cushing syndrome
- peptic ulcer, growth retardation children, immunosuppression, glaucoma, mood changes, psychosis, Na and water reabsorption
108
rapid acting insulin preparation
humulin R
given when blood glucose is hard to control
109
intermediate insulin preparation
humulin N, NPH
110
long acting insulin preparation
humulin U, insulin glacrine (lantus)
given when blood glucose is stable
111
oral hypoglycemic drugs
metformin, rosiglitazone, repaglinide, glyburide, stiagliptin, exenatide, glucovance
112
oral hypoglycemic uses
- lower blood glucose in patients with type 2 DM
- increase insulin release and increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
- most hypoglycemics are sulgonylureas
113
metformin
biguanide
- works in liver to decrease hepatic glucose output
- blood glucose affected: fasting
114
metformin side effects
GI distress, gas, metallic taste
115
rosiglitazone
has been shown to cause multiple health problems
116
repaglinide
glitinide
- works in the pancreas to increase endogenous insulin secretion (fast)
- blood glucose affected is postprandial
117
repaglinide side effects
hypoglycemia, GI distress, weight gain
118
glyburide
sulfonylurea
- works in the pancreas to increase endogenous insulin secretion (slow)
- blood glucose affected is fasting postprandial
119
glyburide side effects
hypoglycemia, GI distress, weight gain, skin rash
120
sitagliptin
DPP-4 inhibitor
- works in the GI tract to inhibit breakdown of GLP-1
121
exenatide
GLP-1 inhibitor
- works in the pancreas; exogenous GLP-1
- modest blood glucose lowering, postprandial
122
exenatide side effects
nausea/vomiting, satiety, weight loss, headache
123
glucovance
mixture of glyburide and metformin to control glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM
124
thyroid hormone replacement drugs
levothyroxine
- contrains T4; synthetic
125
bone mineralization drugs
CaCO4, calcitroil, etidronate, estrogen
126
CaCO4 uses
direct source of Ca combined with estrogen to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis
127
CaCO4 side effects
- headache, drowsiness, constipation, fatigue
- OD: muscle tetanus, convulsion, death
128
calcitriol uses
- vitamin D analogue
- increases Ca and PO4 absorption and retention
129
calcitriol side effects
toxic effects include headache, nausea/vomiting, arrythmia, seizure
130
etidronate uses
biphosphonate
- blocks bone resorption in Paget's disease and heterotrophic ossification
131
etidronate side effects
tenderness and potential for fracture over Paget's lesions
132
most effective bone mineralization drug
etidronate
