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pharm > exam 1: endocrine > Flashcards

exam 1: endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid hormone (T3) receptor?

A

nuclear receptor

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2
Q

steroid hormone receptor?

A

cytoplasmic receptor

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3
Q

androgens and testosterone (anabolic steroid) examples

A

androgen, androstenedione, nandralone

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4
Q

glucocorticosteroids overall function

A

regulating glucose metabolism and combating stress

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5
Q

glucocorticosteroids examples

A

cortisol and corticosterone

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6
Q

mineralocorticosteroids function

A

water and electrolyte balance

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7
Q

mineralocorticosteroids example

A

aldosterone

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8
Q

physiologic dose

A

same concentration as hormone is normally found in the body

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9
Q

pharmacological dose

A

use higher dose to exploit effect

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10
Q

glucocorticoids in normal function order

A

hypothalamus > CRH > anterior pituitary > ACTH > adrenal cortex > cortisol > target tissues

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11
Q

actions of glucocorticoids

A
  • released during stress: physical or psychological
  • later cellular “protein expression” by altering transcription of certain genes
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12
Q

glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism effects

A
  • anti-inflammatory effects
  • immunosuppression
  • sodium and water reabsorption
  • CNS changes (mood and behavior)
  • alter composition fo blood and muscle
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13
Q

metabolic effects of cortisol in the muscle

A

decrease glucose uptake and increase protein breakdown

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14
Q

metabolic effects of cortisol in fat cells

A

decrease glucose uptake and increase fat breakdown

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15
Q

effects on glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism

A
  • paradoxical effect: increased blood glucose while increasing glycogen storage
  • accomplishes by enhancing catabolism
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16
Q

1 side effect of corticosteroids?

A

muscle wasting

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17
Q

anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids

A
  • attenuate pain, erythema, swelling, and tenderness
  • inhibit eicosanoid synthesis through lipocortins
  • inhibition of cellular inflammatory response
  • stabilize WBC lysosomal membranes
  • decrease vascular permeability
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18
Q

glucocorticoid effects on other systems

A
  • inhibits hypersensitivity reactions
  • increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water
  • personality or mood changes
  • impaired skeletal and cardiac muscle function
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19
Q

what are the 2 therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids

A

anti-inflammatory effects and hormone replacement therapy

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20
Q

anti-inflammatory uses of glucocorticoids

A
  • injection into joints, tendons, bursa
  • phonophoresis (US) and iontophoresis (e-stim)
  • systemic
21
Q

hormone replacement use of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol is given for Addison’s disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency

22
Q

3 common glucocorticoids

A

beclomethasone, cortisone, and dexamethasone

23
Q

what can hypersecretion of glucocorticoids lead to

A

cushings syndrome

24
Q

cushing syndrome side effects

A

mood face, centripetal obesity, bone and connective tissue damage, muscle wasting in limbs, behavioral changes, hyperglycemia and type 2 DM

25
Q

side effects of glucocorticoids

A

adrenocortical suppression (decreased CRH production), Cushings syndrome, peptic ulcer, growth retardation in children, immunosuppression, glaucoma, mood changes and psychosis, sodium and water reabsorption

26
Q

what do alpha cells make

A

glucagon

27
Q

what do beta cells make

A

insulin

28
Q

insulin decreases…

A

blood glucose

29
Q

glucagon increases….

A

blood glucose

30
Q

what is GLP

A
  • an incretin secreted by the intestinal L-cells in response to feeding
  • promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion by increasing insulin-sensitivity in beta cells
31
Q

GLP-1 effects

A
  • decrease glucagon secretion
  • inhibits gastric emptying in stomach
  • promotes satiety in brain and decreases hunger
  • promotes insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues
32
Q

how does insulin work to decrease blood glucose

A

causes GLUT proteins to function and the GLUT proteins are responsible for transporting glucose out of the blood

33
Q

insulin negative feedback mechanism

A
  • increase in BG stimulates insulin release
  • decrease in BG inhibits insulin release
34
Q

glucagon negative feedback mechanism

A
  • decrease in BG stimulates glucagon release
  • increase in BG inhibits glucagon release
35
Q

hyperglycemia side effects

A

glucosurea (peeing), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic shift, ketoacidosis, glycosolation of vascular and neural structures, and atherosclerosis and ischemia heart disease

36
Q

rapid acting insulin

A

given when BG is hard to control
- Humulin R

37
Q

intermediate insulin

A

NPH and Humulin N, Isophane

38
Q

long acting insulin

A

given when BG is stable
- Humulin U, insulin glacrine (Lantus)

39
Q

increase or decrease insulin dose before a meal

A

increase dose

40
Q

increase or decrease insulin dose if no meal planned for a while

A

decrease dose

41
Q

increase or decrease insulin dose if going to PT

A

decrease dose

42
Q

hypoglycemia side effects

A

headache, tachycardia, fatigue, anxiety and nervousness, hunger, diaphoresis, confusion

43
Q

what is the “Somogy Effect” or “rebound”

A

an increase in BG due to antibiotics to insulin; causes a decrease in the effectiveness and insulin resistance to that particular type

44
Q

list of oral hypoglycemics

A

metformin, sitagliptin, exenatide, repaglinide, glyburide, glucovance, rosiglitazone

45
Q

thyroid hormone effects

A

stimulating metabolism, thermogenesis, growth and development, CV effect, and metabolism effect

46
Q

thyroid hormone replacement drug

A

Levothyroxine

47
Q

treatment of hyperthyroidism

A

surgical removal or radioactive iodine

48
Q

bone mineralization drugs

A

CaCO4, calcitriol, etidronate, estrogen

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