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Clinical Pathology > Exam 1 information > Flashcards

Exam 1 information Flashcards

1
Q

Aggregate reticulocytes in cats

A

This corresponds to polychromatophils on blood smear stained with Wright’s type stain. This is counted by an automated instrument (this is what value you read on the CBC)

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2
Q

Punctate reticulocytes

A

These persist in circulation for several weeks -> therefore, not a good indicator of current regenerative response.

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3
Q

Poikilocytes

A

Abnormally shaped RBC

Examples: echinocytes, acanthocytes, ecentrocytes, keratocytes etc.

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4
Q

Term for enlarged RBC

A

macrocytes

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5
Q

Term for enlarged RBC

A

Microcytes

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6
Q

Term for the variation in size of the RBC in a smear

A

anisocytosis

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7
Q

Term for pale RBC’s from decreased hemoglobin

A

Hypochromasia

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8
Q

Term for RBC’s that are bluer younger cells in circulation, corresponding with reticulocytes

A

Polychromasia

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9
Q

What is the order of maturation from Rubriblast to a RBC?

A 
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Basophilic rubricyte
Polychromatophilic rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Reticulocyte 
RBC
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10
Q

Can you indicate anemia duration from a single Hematocrit/PCV?

A

No, animals are more likely to be symptomatic following an acute decline in Hct/PCV

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11
Q

What would you expect to happen to MCHC and MCV with a regenerative anemia?

A

decreased MCHC and an increased MCV (due to release of more immature cells)

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12
Q

What does it indicate to find nucleated RBC?

A

These are reported as # per 100 WBC’s . A low number of these can be seen in healthy dogs, cats and camelids.
-These cannot be differentiated from WBC.
Commonly associated with regeneration, but can occur in a non anemic animal, with anemia not associated with a reticulocytosis or in anemia with a disproportionate number of rubricytes compared tot he number of reticulocytes.
Therefore rubricytosis is NOT a specific indicator of regeneration

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13
Q

Causes of Inappropriate Rubricytosis:

A

Damage to Bone marrow
- hypoxia, inflammation, neoplasia, bone fracture
Splenic changes
- extramedullary hematopoesis, splenic contraction, splenectomy

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14
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

This is a spontaneous aggregation of ribosomal RNA in RBC cytoplasm. This si visiblewith routine hematology stains.
- This is seen in regeneration (ruminants), lead poisoning

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15
Q

erythrophagocytosis

A

When RBC is completely consumed by a macrophage

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16
Q

How are Spherocytes formed with immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

formed with Ab coating RBCs bind to the Fc portion of macrophages - partial phagocytosis of RBC - RBC has reduced surface area to volume - forms sphere shape rather than a disc.

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17
Q

Common Bacteria that cause Infectious Hemolytic Anemia

A

Mycoplasma sp. in dogs, cats, camelids
Anaplasma marginale in cattle
Leptospira sp.
Clostridium sp.

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18
Q

Common Viral sources of Hemolytic Anemia

A

Equine infectious anemia virus

  • retrovirus infecting horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules
  • May cause acute hemolytic anemia

Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV)

  • Retrovirus infecting cats
  • Anemia often due to decreased RBC production, but may cause immune hemolytic processes or predispose cats to other infectious anemias such as Mycoplasma haemofelis.
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19
Q

Protozoal sources of Hemolytic anemia

A

Theileria sp
Babesia sp
Cytauxzoon felis in cats
Trypanosoma sp.

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20
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of all blood cells
Occurs in the Bone marrow of the long bone central cavities in mammals
other organs:
Spleen and liver

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC production in bone marrow

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22
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cell production in bone marrow

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23
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

The process of platelet/thrombocyte production in bone marrow

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24
Q

Hematopoietic cells

A

all precursors to blood cells found in blood or tissues

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25
Q

Absolute erythrocytosis

A

Increased numbers of RBC’s -> Result in sluggy blood

RBC production > RBC loss

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26
Q

Speficity

A

The frequency in which a test is negative in patients that do not have the disease of interist. High frequency of true negatives.

Low number of false positives.

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27
Q

Diagnostic Sensitivity

A

Frequency in which a test is positive in patients that have the disease of interest.

Good test would have few false negatives

28
Q

What is the order of RBC precursors (from youngest precursor to the mature Erythrocyte)

A

Rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, (nucleus extrustion) reticulocyte, erythrocyte

this whole process takes 5-7 days

29
Q

What is Erythropoietin (Epo)

A
  • Main hormone promoting erythropoiesis
  • Produced in the kidney and liver
    Synthesis is stimulated by tissue hypoxia
  • High Epo levels promote
30
Q

What is the difference between Hemoglobin and Methemaglobin

A

Hemoglobin contains ferrous iron with 6 electron pairs. The ferrous iron has the oxygen carrying capacity.

Methemaglobin contains feric iron, which has 5 electron pairs. This does not have the ability to cary oxygen

31
Q

What are the steps of hemoglobin synthesis

A

1) porphyrin reactions
2) Incorporation of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin 9 to form heme
3) binding of the 4 ferriheme & 4 globin molecules to form hemoglobin

32
Q

Prophyria

A

increased concentration of prophyrinsin the RBC’s, plasma, and urine
- This can be congenital or acquired
These animals may be prone to photosensitivity, some absorb UB light and cause oxidative damage.
Some porphyrias result in a hemolytic anemia

33
Q

Ambden-Meyerhoff Pathway

A

anaerobically generating ATP

  • most animals the main substrate is glucose
  • Pigs it is inosine
34
Q

What is the main substrate for ATP generation in pigs using the Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway?

A

Inosine

35
Q

Methemoglobin Reductase pathway

A

Maintains Hemoglobin iron in a ferrous state.

- enxyme deficiency in this pathway results in methemoglobin accumulation

36
Q

WhWhat causes decreased erythropoesis

A

Chronic inflammation
Increased estrogen levels
Decreased Functional Renal tissue

37
Q

What is erythrocyte Senescence

A

The destruction of old reythrocytes

  • phagocytosed by macs in the spleen, liver, or bone marrow
  • May rupture intravascularly (minor route of destruction)
38
Q

characteristics of free Hemoglobin in circulation

A
  • hemoglobin released directly into circulation is unstable and dissociates into dimers that are bound to hapatoglobin. Free heme binds to hemopexin
  • the hemoglobin hapatoglobin and heme-hemopexin complexs are broken down in the liver to bilirubin, globin, and iron.
  • Free hemoglobin can be filtered through the kidney (NEPHROTOXIC) can see hemoglobinuria
39
Q

How are erythrocyte components recycled and excreted in macrophages?

A

The rbc components are broken down and recycled or excreted including:
Hemoglobin -> heme
Globins-> AA

40
Q

Iron and Senescent

A

Iron from senescent RBC’s sis tored in iron protein complexes inside the macrophages or hepatocytes
-Fe is released from storage as needed for hemoglobin synthesis

41
Q

What is the Rapaport-Luebering pathway

A

This is for oxygenation (DPG shunt)

  • Produces DPG at the expense of ATP
  • Decreased DPG hbg affinity for O2, so that O2 is more readily available in the tissues
    • Hbg’s affinity for O2 is affected by changes in DPG, temp, CO2, and pH
42
Q

What values assess the total RBC mass in peripheral blood on a CBC

A

Hematocrit
RBC concentration
Hemoglobin concentration

43
Q

What values on a CBC describe the RBC population

A

MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW red cell distribution width

44
Q

What values assess erythropoietic activity

A

Reticulocyte percentage

Absolute Reticulocyte

45
Q

What evaluates the RBC morphology changes?

A

Blood smear evaluation

46
Q

What does a RBC concentration give you

A

The # of RBCs per unit volume of blood

RBC count

47
Q

What does the PCV give you?

A

The volume (%) of blood comprised of RBC’s

48
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

To maintain hemoglobin
Produces NADPH
-serves as a cofactor for reduction of oxidized glytathione
- Reduced glutathione neutralizes oxidants that can denature Hbg

49
Q

What type of reticulocytes in a cat, correspond with the polychromatophils ona blood smear>?

A

Aggregate reticulocytes- these are counted by an automated instrument

50
Q

What are punctate reticulocytes?

A

these persist in circulation for several weeks. Not a good indicator for a regenerative response

51
Q

Poikilocytes

A

Abnormally shaped RBC’s

- Many examples of this

52
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variation in size of a RBC

53
Q

Polychromasia

A

Bluer younger cells in circulation- correspond with reticulocytes

54
Q

Rubricytosis

A

Increased nucleated RBC’s in the blood.

  • Commonly associated with regeneration when it is an appropriate response.
  • must be in context with other data (can have rubricytosis that is in non-anemic animals)
55
Q

What are causes of inappropriate Rubricytosis

A 
Damage to bone marrow
- Hypoxia 
- Inflammation
Splenic chagnes 
- Extramedullary hematopoiesis
56
Q

What is basophilic stippling?

A

Spontaneous aggregation of ribosomal RNA in RBC cytoplasm

57
Q

What changes in RBC do you see with an iron deficiency anemia?

A

You will see microcytic and hypochromic RBC
Reduced hemoglobin production prolongs the signal for RBC to stop dividing, therefore, the RBC continues to divide resulting in a smaller cell with hypochromasia.
- These cells are more fragile.

58
Q

What is the relationship between Zinc, copper and Iron?

A

Zinc in excess impairs the absorption of copper. Copper is essential for enzymes required for iron uptake from the GI tract

59
Q

What other clinical signs would you see in Rouleaux and not Agglutination?

A

Inflammation

- Forms with increased fibrinogen and/or immunoglobulins

60
Q

What is a supportive diagnostic test you can run for IMHA

A

Coombs’ Test - indicates the presence of Ab or complement on RBC

61
Q

Ghost cells are indicative of what?

A

Intravascular hemolysis
increased RBC fragility
Complement-mediated lysis

62
Q

What is a heinz body?

A

It is denaturation of hemoglobin

63
Q

WHat would happen if a cat were to ingest acetominophen

A

There would be oxidative damage to RBC causing a hemolytic anemia

64
Q

If you saw a pyknocyte on a slide, What other types of cells would you commonly find around it?

A

you would find eccentrocytes and Heinz bodies because they are caused by oxidative damage

65
Q

What aresome endocrine diseases that cause Erythropoiesis?

A
  • Hypothyroidism- decreased metabolic rate, decreases O2 requirements in peripheral tissue and decreases Epo production
  • Hypoadrenocorticism - unclear mechanism
  • Hyperestrogenism- increased estrogen - BM suppression but concurrent feminization

Clinical Pathology (4 decks)

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