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Clinical Pathology > Evaluating RBC > Flashcards

Evaluating RBC Flashcards

1
Q

Red Blood cell concentration

A

of RBCs per unit volume of blood. This is referred to as the RBC count.

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2
Q

Packed cell volume

A

Volume (%) of blood comprised of RBC’s.

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3
Q

What does an increased PCV indicate

A

erythrocytosis

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4
Q

What does a decreased PCV indicate

A

anemia, over hydration

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5
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume % of blood comprised of RBC’s

This is not equal to PCV, as it is a calculated value. Generally they are close to one another

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6
Q

What is the relationship between hematocrit and hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin is 1/3 of the hematocrit

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7
Q

What interferences can be measure hemoglobin? ie. falsely increase the measure of hemoglobin

A

Heinz bodies, Lipemia, oxyglobin

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8
Q

erythrocytosis

A

high RBC count

  • This can be caused by breed differences (sighthounds)
  • Dehydration or splenic contraction
  • Primary and secondary absolute erythrocytosis
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9
Q

Anemia

A

Low RBC count

Can be seen as decreased RBC count, PCV/Hct, Hemoglobin

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10
Q

MCV

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume
This is the volume per average RBC
- this value historically has been calculated

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11
Q

Decreased MCV is termed:

A

Microcytic

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12
Q

MCV within the Reference interval is termed:

A

Normocytic

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13
Q

Increased MCV is termed:

A

Macrocytic

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14
Q

Cause of MCV below reference interval

A

Physiologic cause
- Puppies and kittens < 16 w old, calves and foals <1 year
- Breed associations
Pathophysiological cause
- Iron deficiency
- Often seen with concurrent hypochromasia (Low MCHC)
- Fe- deficiency limits Hgb synthesis. Sufficient Hgb provides negative feedback to stop additional RBC division. therefore, Fe-deficient cells undergo additional divisions than normal resulting in a smaller cell
- Liver disease- portosystemic shunt

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15
Q

Artifactual Causes of MCV- above reference interval

A

(Macrocytic condition)
Artifactual Causes:
- Agglutination/microagglutination (analizers will read agglutinated RBC’s as a single large cell (high MCV and low MCHC)
- Prolonged storrage causing cellular swelling (decreases MCHC)
- Hyperosmolality- persistent hyperosmolar environment -> increased RBC osmolality -> exposure to isotonic diluent in instrument causes in vitro osmosis -> cell swelling

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16
Q

Causes of MCV above reference interval (macrocytic condition)

A 
Physiologic 
- Breeds: minature and toy poodles and polled Herefords
Pathological 
- ** Regenerative anemia
Abnormal DNA synthesis
- myelodysplastic syndrome (cancer) 
- folate deficiency
- cobalt deficiency 
Other: hyperthyroidism in cats
17
Q

What is MCH

A

Mean Cell hemoglobin Concentration

  • This is the amount of hemoglobin per average RBC. this is not as meaningful as MCHC
  • no added value since it depends on MCV and MCHC
18
Q

What is MCHC

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

This is the average hemoglobin per average erythrocyte.

  • this is more acurate because it considers the size of the RBC as well.
  • calculated value
19
Q

What is the term for a low MCHC:

A

hypochromic

20
Q

What is the term for a normal MCHC:

A

normochromic

21
Q

What are the causes for a hypochromic state?

A

Artifact- RBC swelling with storage or hyperosmolality
Pathophysiological
- Regenerative anemia- immature RBC have less hemoglobin than mature RBC’s
- Iron deficiency- animals often anemic by time there is hypochromasia detected (low MCHC without anemia should NOT be automatically assumed to be iron defficiency)
- Portosystemic shunts
-Attributed to relative or functional iron deficiency ( iton sequestered, but not deficienct)
- Decreased hemoglobin production (uncommon, but lead poisoning, B6 deficiency, copper deficiency)

22
Q

Why does hypochromasia not really happen?

A

RBC’s will never pack more hemoglobin than needed into itself.

23
Q

What does an elevated MCHC mean?

A
  • Hemolysis- there is free, extracellular hemoglobin
  • Oxyglobin- will be detected by spectrophotometer and mischaracterizedas hemoglobin (blood replacement Product)
  • Lipemia- will be detected by spectrophotometer and mischaracterized as Hgb
  • Heinz bodies- Hemoglobin measured, but Heinz bodies do not contribute to RBC number detected by the instrument
24
Q

RDW stands for what?

A

Red Cell Distribution Width - this is a coefficient of variation of RBC size.
This correlates with anisocytosis (variable RBC changes on Blood smear evaluation)

25
Q

Increased RDW indicates what?

A

anisocytosis
Caused by:
- regenerative anemia
Microcytes present or macrocytes present

Clinical Pathology (4 decks)

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