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MB Exams > Exam 1- Chs 1-6 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Chs 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of diverse groups of microorganisms, mostly protests, fungi, bacteria and viruses

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

the organisms that are too small to see with the human eye, and can been seen under microscopes. They are made up of prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Microorganism

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3
Q

Disease causing bacteria

A

Pathogen

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4
Q

Prokaryotes, that have a peptidoglycan wall, use binary fusion, use light and carbon dioxide for energy

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

Prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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6
Q

eukaryotes that have chitin in their cell walls, use organic chemicals for energy, molds, mushrooms and yeast

A

Fungi

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7
Q

eukaryotes absorb or ingest organic chemicals, can be motile with flagella

A

Protozoa

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8
Q

eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, use photosynthesis for energy, produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds.

A

Algae

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9
Q

Acellular, consist of DNA and RNA, core surrounded by a protein coat, can be contained by a lipid envelope. Only can live on a host, cant live alone.

A

Viruses

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10
Q

Eukaryotes, multicellular animals, the flatworms and round worms are called helmiths.

A

Multicellular animal parasites (helminthes)-

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11
Q

was the first to observe cells under a microscope and give them their name, on a cork

A

Hooke

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12
Q

was the first to observe living cells that were moving around in things like rain water and lake water

A

Luewenhoek

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13
Q

advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever

A

Semmelweis

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14
Q

used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

A

Lister

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15
Q

Determined the cause of cholera transmission in London

A

Snow

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16
Q

Showed mircobes are responsible for fermentation, and also the spoilage of food. He invented pasteurization

A

Pasteur

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17
Q

proved that bacteria causes anthrax, which lead to Koch’s postulates that proves a specific microbe causes a specific disease, also went from using gelatin to using agar plates

A

Koch

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18
Q

made the antibiotic penicillin that killed staph

A

Flemming

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19
Q

largest and most diverse group, mostly gram-negative

A

Proteobacteria

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20
Q

gram-positive, soil organisms.

A

Actinobacteria

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21
Q

gram-positive, unicellular, filamentous, or colonial forms

A

Cyanobacteria

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22
Q

gram-positive unique coil-like cell body

A

Spirochaetes

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23
Q

prokaryotic rod shaped cell

A

Bacilli

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24
Q

bacterial spherical cell

A

Coccus

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25
Q

bacteria can be vibrios (common shaped) or spirilla (helical) or spirochete

A

Spiral

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26
Q

outside of cell wall, made of chains of flagellin

A

Flagella

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27
Q

outside of cell wall, sticky capsule, neatly organized

A

Glycocalyx

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28
Q

what the bacterial cell wall is made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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29
Q

a space bordered by two selective permeable barriers

A

Periplasmic space

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30
Q

found in Gram-negative bacteria. Its composition is distinct from that of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

outer membrane

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31
Q

prevents phagocytosis

A

glycocalyx

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32
Q

facilitate the transfer of DNA

A

pilli

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33
Q

Identify the major functions of the cell wall of prokaryotes

A

Prevents Osmotic Lysis

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34
Q

Is this description Gram + or Gram -
Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids

A

Gram +

35
Q

Is this description Gram + or Gram -
Thin peptidoglycan
Outermembrane contains periplasmic space

A

Gram -

36
Q

irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material

A

Nucleoid

37
Q

small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell.

A

Plasmid

38
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary Fission

39
Q

bacteria that grow in cold temperatures.

A

psychrophile

40
Q

live at the in between temperatures

A

mesophile

41
Q

live in hot temperatures

A

Termophile

42
Q

requires oxygen to grow

A

Obligate aerobe

43
Q

requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere

A

microaerophile

44
Q

not effected by oxygen at all

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

45
Q

bacteria that gather at the bottom of test tube

A

obligate anaerobe

46
Q

bacteria that gather at the top of the test tube

A

facultative

47
Q

extracts and digests of yeast, meat, plants, nutrient broth or agar

A

complex media

48
Q

suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes

A

Selective Media

49
Q

alpha, beta, and gamma easy to distinguish in deferential media

A

differential media

50
Q

encourages growth of microbes

A

enriched media

51
Q

Cell elongates, DNA is replicated. Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to constrict. Crosswall forms, completely separating 2 DNA copies. Cells separate

A

Four phases of bacteria growth

52
Q

Explain how the plate count method works to enumerate (count) bacterial growth

A

the culture is diluted which then makes it easier to count

53
Q

____ is used as an energy source in exergonic and endogonic reactions

A

ATP

54
Q

This type of respiration requires energy to produce ATP

A

aerobic respiration

55
Q

This type of respiration doesn’t require energy to produce ATP

A

anaerobic respiration

56
Q

converts sugar to acids, gases and/or alcohol using yeast or bacteria.

A

Fermentation

57
Q

_______ staining helps to distinguish between different bacteria, it can be a gram stain or an acid-fast stain

A

Differential

58
Q

A Negative stain technique uses ____ dye, which is repelled by cell walls leaving clear cells on a dark background

A

acidic

59
Q

A simple stain involves flooding a prepared specimen with ___ dye

A

basic

60
Q

_______ have more advanced systems with true membrane bound oragnaelles, a nucleus, and cilia and flagella

A

Eukaryotes

61
Q

Large molecules are broken down through ______, you add water to break down monomers

A

hydrolysis

62
Q

are bonds where polar molecules in which H is bound to highly EN atoms

A

Hydrogen

63
Q

The four most important elements of life are

A

Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon

64
Q

_____ Postulates demonstrated germ theory by taking a sample of the isolated bacteria that he thought killed an animal and put it directly into a mouse, and it also killed the mouse

A

Koch

65
Q

_____ Demonstrated the concept of vaccination by getting a boy sick of cow pox and then cured it with vaccines.

A

Jenner

66
Q

They hypothesis that the living organisms arise from pre-existing things

A

Biogenesis

67
Q

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving manner, a vital force forms life.

A

Spontaneous Generation

68
Q

______ discrete this idea of spontaneous generation and used an experiment of using nutrient broth. It was refuted because microbes didn’t grow when the containers were closed.

A

Louis Pasteur

69
Q

______ had the idea that maggots came from spontaneous generation, meaning that nothing started the generation of maggots, it happened spontaneously.

A

Francis Redi

70
Q

the study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

71
Q

Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that kill other microbes

A

Antibiotic

72
Q

the theory that specific microbes cause specific disease

A

Germ Theory

73
Q

resulting in infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism

A

Infectious Disease

74
Q

a visible growth of microorganisms

A

Colony

75
Q

a process of heating a food, which is usually a liquid, to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat. This process slows spoilage caused by microbial growth in the food.

A

Pasteurization

76
Q

a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease

A

Vaccine

76
Q

Large molecules are made through ______ , by taking water away

A

dehydration

76
Q

a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts

A

Binomal name-

76
Q

a modeling method used for categorizing species using logical choices

A

Dichotomous key

76
Q

compound microscope combined with a filar micrometer

A

Mircometer

76
Q

process of enlarging something in only appearance

A

Magnification

76
Q

produce spate images of closely placed objects

A

Resolving Power

76
Q

the difference between the specimen and its background

A

Contrast

76
Q

_______ cells are cells that are not as advanced, they lack membrane bound organelles, a true cytoskeleton as well as structurally having different flagella and they lack cilia.

A

Prokaryotic

MB Exams (6 decks)

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