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Pediactrics > Exam 1: Chapter 3 - Health promotion of infants (2 days-1 year) > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 3 - Health promotion of infants (2 days-1 year) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the head circumference of a full-term newborn

A

33-35cm, 13-14in

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2
Q

what is the crown to rump length in a full-term newborn

A

31-35 cm, 12.5-14in. approximately equal to head circumference

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3
Q

what is the length of a full-term newborn

A

head to heel is 48-53 cm,19-21 in

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4
Q

what is the weight of a full-term newborn

A

2700-4000g, 6-9lbs

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5
Q

t/f: newborns will lose up to 10% of their birth weight by 3-4 days of age due to fluid shifts, loss of meconium, and limited intake, especially infants who are breastfed.

A

true

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6
Q

t/f: weight lost in the first 3-4 days after birth will not be regained until a month after birth.

A

false. it will be regained by the 10th - 14th day of life depending on the feeding method used

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7
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 1 month of age?

A

Gross: demonstrates head lag
Fine: has a strong grasp reflex

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8
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 2 month of age?

A

Gross: lifts head off mattress when prone
Fine: holds hands in an open position, grasp reflex is fading

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9
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 3 month of age?

A

Gross: raises head and shoulders off mattress when prone, only slight head lag
Fine: no longer has a grasp reflex, keeps hands loosely open

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10
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 4 month of age?

A

Gross: rolls from back to side
Fine: grasps objects with both hands

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11
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 5 month of age?

A

Gross: rolls from front to back
Fine: uses palmar grasp dominantly

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12
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 6 month of age?

A

Gross: rolls from back to front
Fine: holds bottle

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13
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 7 month of age?

A

Gross: bears full weight on feet, sits leaning forward on both hands
Fine: moves objects from hand to hand

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14
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 8 month of age?

A

Gross: sits unsupported
Fine: begins using pincer grasp

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15
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 9 month of age?

A

Gross: pulls to a standing position, creeps on hands and knees
Fine: has a crude pincer grasp, dominant hand preference evident

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16
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 10 month of age?

A

Gross: changes from a prone to a sitting position
Fine: grasps rattle by its handle

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17
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 11 month of age?

A

Gross: cruises or walks while holding onto something
Fine: places objects into a container, neat pincer grasp

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18
Q

What motor skills should be developed by 12 month of age?

A

Gross: sits down from a standing position without assistance, walks with one hand held
Fine: tried to build a two-block tower without success, can turn pages in a book

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19
Q

At what age do the fontanels (posterior and anterior) close?

A

Posterior: 2-3 months of age
Anterior: 12-18 months of age

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20
Q

What is the average weight of a 6 month old infant?

A

7.26kg (16 lb)

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21
Q

What is the average weight gain of an infant?

A

~ 680g (1.5lb)/month during first 5 months of life
- birth weight doubled by 5 months, tripled by 12 months

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22
Q

What is the average weight of a 12 month old infant?

A

9.75kg (21.5lb), tripled birth weight

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23
Q

What is the average height gain of an infant?

A

~ 2.5cm (1in)/month for first 6 months
- grows in spurts after 6 months and birth length is increased by 50% by the age of 12 months

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24
Q

What is the head circumference gain of an infant?

A

~ 2cm (0.75in)/month during first 3 months, 1cm (0.4in)/month for 4-6 months, 0.5cm (0.2in)/month during 6-12 months

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25
how many teeth should be present in an infants mouth at 1 year of age?
6-8 teeth
26
At what age do the first teeth start to come in in an infant?
6-10 months
27
How old does an infant have to be for ibuprofen to be given for pain like dentition?
6 months
28
When is the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget? (cognitive development)
birth - 24 months
29
What are three important tasks accomplished in the sensorimotor stage?
Separation, object permanence, mental representation
30
What happens in the sensorimotor stage?
Infants progress from reflexive to simple repetitive to imitative activities
31
What is separation that occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
infants learn to separate themselves from other objects in the environment
32
What is object permanence that occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
the process by which infants learn that an object still exists when it is out of view. occurs at 9-10 months of age
33
What is mental representation that occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
the ability to recognize and use symbols
34
What is the first form of verbal communication in an infant?
Crying
35
How often do infants cry?
1-1.5 hrs each day for up to 3 weeks of age, then build up to 2-4 hrs by 6 weeks
36
When does crying start to decrease in an infant?
12 weeks of age
37
When do infants start to vocalize by cooing noises?
3-4 months
38
When do infants start to show considerable interest in the environment and turn head to sound of rattle
3 months of age
39
When do infants start to laugh and squeal?
4 months
40
When are infants able to make single vowel sounds?
2 months
41
How does speech progress in an infant?
Begins by speaking 2-word phrases and progress to speaking 3-word phrases
42
At what age can an infant say 3-5 words?
1 year
43
At what age does an infant comprehend the word “no” and is able to obey single commands accompanied by gestures?
9-10 months
44
When is the trust vs. mistrust stage according to Erikson? (psychosocial development)
birth - 1 year/12 months
45
What happens in the trust vs. mistrust stage?
infant begins to learn delayed gratification and achieving this stage/task is based on the quality of the caregiver-infant relationship and the care received by the infant
46
How is trust developed in the trust vs. mistrust stage?
meeting comfort, feeding, stimulation, and caring needs
47
How is mistrust developed in the trust vs. mistrust stage?
needs are inadequately or inconsistently met, or if needs are inconsistently met before being vocalized by the infant
48
What is attachment and when does it take place?
Attachment is when infant begins to bond with their parents. it’s seen within the first month but starts before birth.
49
How is attachment enhanced?
When infants and parents are in good health, have positive feeding experiences, and receive adequate rest
50
What is separation-individualization and when does occur?
When infants distinguish themselves and their primary caregiver as separate individuals at the same time object permanence is developing. occurs during the first year of life
51
What is separation anxiety and when does it occur?
Infants will protest separation from parents begins at 4-8 months and infants are able to anticipate mothers imminent departure by watching behaviors by 11-12 months
52
What is stranger fear and when does it occur?
when infants have the ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, it becomes evident between 6-8 months
53
What is reactive attachment disorder?
It results from maladaptive or absent attachment between the infant and primary caregiver and continues through childhood and adulthood
54
What does social development include in infants?
Attachment, separation-individualization, separation anxiety, and stranger fear
55
What are body-image changes that occur in infants?
Infants discover that mouths are pleasure producers, hands and feet are seen as objects of play, and infants discover that smiling causes others to react
56
What are age appropriate activities for infants?
Play that should be solitary that provides interpersonal contact and education stimulation
57
What are safety instructions for placing an infant in a car seat following discharge?
- federally approved car seat - 45 degree angle to prevent slumping and airway obstruction - rear facing - shoulder harnesses placed in slots at or below the level of the infants shoulders - retainer clip placed at a level of the infants armpits
58
Upon discharge, what information should a nurse provide parent about newborn physician visit?
Newborn will require checkup by provider within 72 hours of discharge, especially important for breastfed newborns to evaluate weight and hydration status
59
What immunizations are due at birth?
Hepatitis B (Hep B)
60
What immunizations are due at 2 months?
- diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP) - rotavirus vaccine (RV) - inactivated poliovirus (IPV) - Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) - pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) - Hep B
61
What immunizations are due at 4 months?
- diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP) - rotavirus vaccine (RV) - inactivated poliovirus (IPV) - Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) - pneumococcal vaccine (PCV)
62
What immunizations are due at 6 months?
- diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP) - rotavirus vaccine (RV) - inactivated poliovirus (IPV) (6-18 months) - Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) - pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) - Hep B (6-18 months)
63
What immunizations are due at 6-12 months?
seasonal influenza vaccination yearly
64
How long does breastfeeding provide a complete diet for infants?
first 6 months of life
65
What milk is and is not recommended for an acceptable alternative to breast milk?
Recommend: Iron-fortified formula Non-recommended: Cow’s milk
66
What vitamin supplement is recommended to newborns?
Vitamin D within first few days of life to prevent rickets and vitamin D deficiency
67
When are iron supplements recommended for infants?
Infants that are being exclusively breastfed after the age of 4 months
68
What could occur with intake of juice or water in newborns during the first 4 months of life?
Hyponatremia and water intoxication
69
what should fruit juice be limited to in infants 6 months of age?
4-6oz per day
70
When should solids be introduced to infants?
Around 6 months of age
71
What are indicators that infants are ready to consume solids?
- interest in solid foods - voluntary control of the head and trunk - disappearance of the extrusion reflex
72
What solids are typically introduced first and why?
Iron-fortified cereal due to its high iron content, vegetables and fruits started between 6-8 months of age then meats may be added
73
How should solids be introduced?
One at a time over a 5-7 day period to observe for allergy or intolerance
74
What are manifestations of allergy or intolerance when introducing solids to infants?
fussiness, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
75
How should breast milk/formula be altered when solids start to be introduced?
It should be decreased but remain the primary source of nutrition through the first year
76
What solid foods are appropriate for infants at 1 year of age?
table foods that are well-cooked, chopped, and unseasoned
77
What are appropriate finger foods for infants?
ripe bananas, toast strips, graham crackers, cheese cubes, noodles, firmly-cooked vegetables, raw pieces of fruit (except grapes)
78
When does weaning happen?
When infants are able to drink from a cup
79
How does weaning occur?
- gradually replace one bottle or breastfeeding at a time with breast milk or formula in a cub with handles - bedtime feedings are the last to be stopped
80
When is a nocturnal sleep pattern developed in infants?
3-4 months of age
81
When nocturnal sleep patterns are established, how much do infants sleep?
14-15 hr daily and 9-11 hr at night around the age of 4 months
82
What do sleep patterns look like when infants are 12 months old?
infants sleep throughout the night and take 1-2 naps during the day
83
What is injury prevention for aspiration of foreign objects?
- hold infant for feedings, do not prop bottles - small objects that can be lodged should be avoided - provide age-appropriate toys - check clothing for safety hazards (loose buttons)
84
What is injury prevention for bodily harm?
- keep sharp objects out of reach - anchor heavy objects/furniture - do not leave infant unattended with animals present
85
What is injury prevention for burns?
- avoid warming formula in microwave - check bath water temperature - hot water thermostats should be set at or below 120* - ensure working smoke detectors - turn handles of pots and pans to back of stove - use sunscreen - cover electrical outlets
86
What is injury prevention for drowning?
- do not leave unattended in or next to water - secure fencing around swimming pools - close bathroom doors
87
What is injury prevention for falls?
- keep crib mattresses in lowest position - use restrains in infant seats - place safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs
88
What is the injury prevention for poisoning?
- avoid exposure to lead paint - toxins and plants should be kept out or reach - place safety locks on cabinets with cleaning supplies - keep phone number for poison control near phone - keep medications in childproof containers - keep working carbon monoxide detector in home
89
What is the injury prevention for suffocation?
- crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 cm (2.375 in) - crib mobiles and/or crib gyms should be removed by 4-5 months of age - place infants on back for sleep - remove drawstrings from jackets or other clothing - crib mattresses should fit snuggly

Pediactrics (16 decks)

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