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Radiography Pathology > Exam 1, Ch. 3, Respiratory Pathologies > Flashcards

Exam 1, Ch. 3, Respiratory Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Hyaline Membrane Disease (definition and cause)

A

Occurs primarily in premature infants. Lack of surfactant and immature lungs causes underaeration of the lungs.

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2
Q

Hyaline Membrane Disease (on an image)

A

lack of aeration in lung; granular appearance of lung parenchyma

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3
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (definition and cause)

A

Hereditary disease characterized by secretion of excessively viscous (thick) mucous by all exocrine glands. 90% of morbidity and mortality related to resp. involvement. Mucous secreted by mucosa blocks air passages.

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4
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (on an image)

A

thickening of linear markings of the lung, with lung hyperinflation

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5
Q

Croup (definition and cause)

A

viral infection of young children; inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea

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6
Q

Croup (on an image)

A

tightening of the trachea; hourglass appearance; seen well on AP soft tissue neck

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7
Q

Epiglottitis (definition and cause)

A

common in 6-7 year olds; thickening of epiglottic tissue and surrounding pharyngeal structures

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8
Q

Epiglottitis (on an image)

A

Epiglottic shadow appears as large as an adult thumb. Normally appears as adult little finger. Best seen on lateral projections

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9
Q

Tuberculosis (overview)

A

TB can affect the GI, GU, and skeletal systems, but is primarily a resp. system infection. Mycobacteria are surrounded by inflammatory cells in lung forming a visible mass called a tubercle. In a healthy individual, scar tissue replaces the mass.

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10
Q

Where is the tuberculous scar typically found?

A

posterior lung apices

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11
Q

Primary Tuberculosis (who it affects; on an image)

A
  • affects children and young adults
  • segmental/lobar, homogeneous consolidation; typically in lung apex
  • enlargement of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes
  • causing the “primary complex” the Ghon lesion
  • unilateral pleural effusion
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12
Q

Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis (characteristics)

A
  • may remain inactive for many years
  • often reactivates when immune system is down
  • usually affects upper lobes
  • new lesions have thick, ill-defined walls
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13
Q

Secondary Tuberculosis (on an image)

A
  • hilum is elevated
  • non-specific, hazy, poorly marginated alveolar infiltrate
  • radiating outward from hilum
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14
Q

Tuberculoma (definition and on an image)

A
  • sharply circumscribed (filled circle) parenchymal nodule

- single or multiple pulmonary nodules, 1-3 cm in diameter

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15
Q

Histoplasmosis (definition and cause)

A
  • caused by fungus (commonly found in Ohio River)
  • numerous, small calcifications seen develop in lung
  • can cause fibrosis in mediastinum
  • normally benign but can be serious
  • can cause calcification in spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
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16
Q

Histoplasmosis (on an image)

A
  • hilar lymph node enlargement

- multiple dense calcifications in lung (commonly in lower lung)

17
Q

Emphysema (definition and cause)

A
  • obstructive and destructive changes in the small airways (acini)
  • commonly caused by smoking and can be caused by air pollution, chronic bronchitis, and resp. irritants
  • cause injury to cilia
18
Q

Emphysema (on an image)

A
  • overinflation of lungs
  • flattening of domes of diaphragm
  • on lateral image: increase in size and lucency of retrosternal airspace
  • one bulla can fill an entire hemithorax
19
Q

Asthma (definition and cause)

A

widespread swelling of mucous membranes of bronchi due to increased responsiveness to stimuli
-can be extrinsic asthma (caused by outside source like pollen, dust, certain foods) or intrinsic asthma (exercise, stress, heat/cold)

20
Q

Asthma (on an image)

A
  • expiration becomes difficult
  • during an acute asthmatic attack lungs overinflate causing radiolucency and flattening of hemidiaphragms
  • repeated episodes cause permanent bronchial wall thickening
21
Q

Bronchiectasis (definition and cause)

A
  • permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi

- caused by bacterial infection

22
Q

Bronchiectasis (on an image)

A
  • coarseness and loss of definition of interstitial markings
  • in advanced cases, cystic dilations form (2 cm in diameter)
  • in very severe cases, a honeycomb pattern may appear
23
Q

Silicosis (definition and cause)

A
  • caused by inhalation of silicon dioxide

- fibroblast-stimulating factor causes extensive fibrosis

24
Q

Silicosis (on an image)

A
  • multiple nodular shadows of uniform density scattered in lungs
  • nodules may become calcified
  • some nodules increase in size and coalesce, usually bilaterally
  • hilar lymph node enlargement is common
25
Q

Asbestosis (definition and cause)

A
  • asbestos deposits at alveolar bifurcation
  • causes fibrosis
  • mesothelioma is a major complication
26
Q

Asbestosis (on an image)

A
  • hallmark - involvement of pleura
  • pleural thickening (linear plaques of opacification)
  • curvilinear densities conforming to upper surfaces of diaphragm bilaterally
27
Q

Anthracosis (definition, cause, and image)

A
  • caused by working with anthracite (hard coal)
  • anthracite collects in walls of the bronchioles
  • leads to weakened musculature and dilation
  • image - initially, multiple, small opacities form in lungs; similar to solicosis but less defined
  • advanced stage - pattern of progressive fibrosis
28
Q

Pleural Effusion (definition and cause)

A
  • fluid in the pleural space
  • caused by variety of pathological processes
  • congestive heart failure, PE, infection, connective tissue disorders
  • can also be caused by abdominal trauma or disease
29
Q

Pleural Effusion (on an image)

A
  • early on - a blunting of costophrenic angle and upward concave border of fluid level
  • best seen on lateral projections b/c costophrenic angles run deeper posteriorly
  • massive effusions may displace the heart and mediastinum to opposite side
30
Q

Alveolar Pneumonia (definition and cause)

A
  • inflammatory exudate replaces in air in alveoli
  • caused by virus or bacteria
  • can spread from one alveolus to the next
  • can affect entire lobe
31
Q

Alveolar Pneumonia (on an image)

A
  • inflamed alveolus or lobe are radiopaque

- causes air-filled bronchial tree to be seen on airless lung parenchyma

32
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia (definition and cause)

A
  • caused by virus or fungus

- inflammatory process involves interstitial structures supporting lining of lung, the “alveoli septum”

33
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia (on an image)

A
  • causes a reticular (net-like) pattern in lungs

- left untreated, this can cause a honeycomb appearance in lungs

34
Q

Pulmonary Edema (definition and cause)

A
  • abnormal accumulation of fluid in extravascular pulmonary tissues
  • caused by increased pressure of pulmonary veins
  • increased pressure caused by left-sided heart failure or pulmonary venous obstruction
35
Q

Pulmonary Edema (on an image)

A
  • edema fluid in interstitial space causes a loss of normal sharp definition of pulmonary vasculature
  • perihilar haze
36
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (definition and cause)

A
  • inability of heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to supply all tissues
  • caused by intrinsic cardiac abnormality, hypertension, and/or obstructive process that increases the resistance of blood flow
37
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (on an image)

A
  • left-sided failure: enlarged heart and superior pulmonary veins, and interstitial and alveolar edema
  • right-sided failure: dilation of right ventricle/atrium and SVC, and widening of right superior mediastinum

Radiography Pathology (6 decks)

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