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BIO 2310 - Exam 1 > Exam 1: Ch 3-4 - Cells and Genetics Review > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 3-4 - Cells and Genetics Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Composite/Model cell

A

b/c it has basic important features and characteristics of cells, is used as study purposes to represent sum of function of all cells in body

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2
Q

Photo Cell w/ major organelles

A
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3
Q

organelles

A

“little organ”

specialized structues inside cell

ex: nucleus

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

living material surrounding nucleus, contains many types organelles

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5
Q

Function of the cell

A
  • basic unit of life
  • protect and support
  • movement
  • communication
  • cell matebolism & energy release
  • inheritance
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6
Q

cell membrane

A
  • aka “plasma membrane”
  • is the OUTERMOST componenet of cell, encloses cytoplasm
  • boundry btw intracellular and extracellular material, selective barrier for passing materials
  • aids in comminucation btw cells
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7
Q

Cell membrane contains:

A
  • phospholidis + proteins (mainly)
  • cholestrol, CHO, h20, ions
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8
Q

cell membrane structure

A
  • phospholipids form a double layer (bilayer)
  • polar end (phosphate) hydrophillic, face the water inside and outside cell
  • nonpolar (lipid chains) hydrophilic, face AWAY from h20
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9
Q

cholesterol role in cell membrane

A

gives it added strength and flexibility

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10
Q

proteins in cell function as:

A

membrane channels

carrier molecules

receptor molecules

enzymes

structural support

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11
Q

passive transport

A

does NOT require energy

ex: diffusion, osmosis
- movement glucose into cells, movement h20 in/out cells, movement 02 in/out membrane

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12
Q

active transport

A

REQUIRES energy, part of metabolism

ex: transport by pumps, vesicles

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13
Q

diffusion

A

movement of a solute from higher [] to lower []

ex: perfume in a room, dye in water, salt in h20
- molecules spread out or diffuse, molecules move in and out of cells
- solvent AND solute particles move to = [], no membrane involved

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14
Q

osmosis

A
  • diffusion of a solvent ONLY ACCROSS a selectively permeable MEMBRANE - a “thrusting”(solute does not move)
  • goes higher [] to lower [], so there is movement TOWARDS the MORE conentrated []
  • important b/c large volumes of h20 changes to cells can distrupt cell fxn
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15
Q

selective permeability

A
  • allowing some substances to pass in/out, but not others
  • nutrients enter, waste exit
  • contains proper [] of molecules so there is not cell death
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16
Q

solvent vs solute

A

solvent: DOES the dissolving (h20
solute: IS being dissolved, substance (salt)

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17
Q

membrane channels

A

protein that allows only certiain molcules to pass

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18
Q

carrier molecules

A

bind to molecules and carry into cell, highly specific

ex: insulin and glucose

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19
Q

receptor molecules

A

responsible for INTRACELLULAR communication

ex: hormones and 2nd messengers

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20
Q

vesicles

A

membrane bound sac transports substances into/out of cell

ex: exocytosis, or cell expelling a digested antigen. bound by vescile and released

21
Q

membrane pumps

A

movement from LOW [] to HIGH []. UP HILL movement, requires more energy

ex: Na/K pump

22
Q

Na/K pump general

A

active transport, requires energy

  • in plasma membrane of all human cells for survival
  • HIGHER [] of K INSIDE the cell (intracellular
  • HIGHER [] of Na OUTSIDE cell (extracellular)
  • both ions bind to same pump
  • ATP breaks and energy stored is transferred to the pump
  • 3 Na to 2 K
23
Q

Na/K pump exchange describe

A
  • extracellular - higher [] Na
  • intracellular - higher [] K
    1. 3 Na+ bind to protein, changes shape
    2. ATP binds and loses P, (phosphorilation), changes shape to transport 3Na+ to extracellular
    3. 2 K+ bind from extracellular, phosophate dissociates, protein goes original shape and releases 2K+ into intracellular
    4. once []NA higher extracellular, Na binds to carrier molecule that also binds glucose, and concenrtration gradient for Na provides energy reuired to move glucose against its concentration gradient, so this is passive
24
Q

calcium pump

A
  • found in skeletal muscle
  • when triggered, stored Ca is released by pumps to aid in muscle contraction
  • active transport
  • carrier protein transports Ca from lower [] inside cell to higher [] outside, same process fo NA in pump with atp
25
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid throough partition containing small holes

ex: kidney - as fluid comes into kidney, inside fluid there will be good and bad things, we filter out the bad
- blood pressure moves fluid form blood through a filter in kidney
- water ions and small molecules pass through, protein and blood cells remain in blood

26
Q

Hypotonic solution and If human cell is placed in a dilute solution (examples pure h20)

A

def: water has less tone or osmotic pressure than cell, to water moves in by osmosis

cell may swell, may expand and burst (lyse) b/c it is in a low pressure (hypotonic) solution.

ex: RBC,if placed in h20, water will rush into RBC b/c of the movement of higher [] to lower [] . so b/c there is more solute in the cell vs the water, the water moves into the cell via osmosis b/s the solution has more h20 and cell has less

27
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution has higher [] of solutes and lower [] of water than cell, so h20 moves from osmosis out of cell, causes shrivel (crenated)

28
Q

isotonic solution

A

= [] solutes in cell and solution

29
Q

Nucleus

A
  • all cells have them, brain of cell
  • contain genetic code
  • dictates protein synethsis, cell activity
  • dna and chromosomes found here
30
Q

nucleolus

A

part of nucleus

role in formation of ribosomes

31
Q

ER names 2 types

A

enoplasmic reticulum, rough and smooth

32
Q

rough er

A

ribosomes attached to rough er synethsize proteins that leave cells via Golgi apparatus

33
Q

smooth er

A

synthesize lypids, steroid hormones and certain CHOs. helps with detoxification process

34
Q

perosizome

A

contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances

35
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis, cells “protein factory”

36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipds that are manufactured by the ER

37
Q

secratory vesicles

A

contents are released to the exterior of the cell

ex: nerve cells release a NT from a secratory vesicles

38
Q

lysome

A
  • intracellular digestive system, destroys bacteria and other debris
39
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • made of proteins that support the cell (like a frame) microvilli, flagella, and cilia are examples
40
Q

mitochondria

A

power house, produces ATP

  • when mm increases b/c of exercise, mitochondria increases in the mm, so it can produce more ATP os the mm contraction can be more aggressive (adaptation to stimuli)
41
Q

cilia and flagella

A

fingerlike projections that aid in the movement of cells particles and debris

ex: flagella moves sperm cells

42
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions that increases a cell’s absorptive surface area (digestion of micronutrients)

  • hurt by NSAIDS
43
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder

  • diagnosis based on existence of recurrenct respiratory disease
  • increased Na+ in sweat
  • high levels unabsorbed fats in stool
  • abnormality in chloride channels
44
Q

3 types CF:

A
  1. defective channel -protein fails to reach cell membrane
  2. channel protein is incorporated into the cell membrane but FAILS to bind ATP
  3. channel protein is there and atp binds but channel does not open
45
Q

In CF when Ca does not exit cell normal rate…

A

water moves into tubes, musuc is produced, fails to be moved out by cilia and function is lost. increases chance of infection when musuc is present

46
Q

CF patients are at risk for

A

chornic pneumonia, chronic coughing

47
Q

CF and secreatory cells

A

mucus builds up in pancrease and hepatic duct, digestive enxymes and bile salts prevented from reaching small intestine

  • fat and fat soluble vitamins not absorbed (bc this is usually done by bile salts)
  • pt suffers from dificiency, results in nigh blindness, skin disorders excessive bleeding ect.
48
Q

transcription vs translation

A

transcription - making an RNA copy (mRNA) of a gene sequence, this then leaves cell nucleus, then directs synthesis of protein, in which it encodes

translation - process of translating the mRNA molecule into a sewuence of AA during protein synthesis

BIO 2310 - Exam 1 (7 decks)

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