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BIO 2310 - Exam 1 > Exam 1: Ch 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

scientific discipline concerned w/ atomic composition/structure of subs and rxns

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2
Q

Matter

A

all living and non living things, anything that occupies space has mass

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3
Q

mass

A

amount of matter obj holds

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4
Q

weight

A

gravitational force acting on mass

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5
Q

kilograom

A

int. unit for mass. 1 kg - 2.2 lbs

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6
Q

element

A

simplest type of matter w/ unique chemical properties

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7
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of element, composed of protons, neutrons, and e-, neutral charge

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8
Q

nucleus

A

P and Ns, 99.97% of the atom’s weight

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9
Q

mass number =

A

P&N same, e- very litter to never counted. =P+N, or atomic number+N

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10
Q

atomic number=

A

protons

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11
Q

isotopes

A

same atomic #, different mass # b/c differ number of neutrons

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12
Q

example of isotope

A

13C, 6 protons(always 6 for carbon), 7 neutrons

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13
Q

chemical bonding& types

A

out most e- transferred or shared btw atoms: ionic and covalent bonds

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14
Q

ionic bond

A

when charged ions remain close to opposites

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15
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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16
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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17
Q

covalent bonding

A

when atoms share 1 or more pairs of e-, H-H = molecule

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18
Q

single vs double covalent bond

A

single electrons pair is shared btw 2 atoms vs 2 pairs of e- (O–C–O)

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19
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal asym sharing of e-, so one pole has more e-

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20
Q

polar molecules

A

have asy e- charge

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21
Q

non polar molecules

A

sym e- charge

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

A

sharing of a hydrogen atom. A polar or asum molecule si attracted to + end and one - end. WEAK bonds. H+ weakly attracted to O- in h20

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23
Q

molecule

A

when 2 or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure

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24
Q

compound

A

2+ different types of atoms chemically combined(NaCl, glucose)

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25
dissociation
when ionic compounds seperate(NaCl+H2O)
26
chemical rxn
atoms, ions,molecules, or compounds interact to make or break bonds
27
synthesis rxn
2+ reactants combine to form larger product(AAP+P=APPP)
28
decomposition rxn
opposite synthesis
29
exchange rxn
HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O. both decomposition and synthesis
30
reversible rxn
can take place in either direction
31
equilibrium
2 rxns proceeding in opp. directions at = speed
32
work
ability to move matter
33
potential energy
stored energy
34
kinetic energy
movement of obj, does work, when pot released, becomes kinetic
35
mechanical energy
energy resulting from movement of obj, such as body(arms, legs, breathing, circulation)
36
chemical energy
energy liberated or absorbed by a chemical reaction. ex: carbon can be oxidized(liberated) or absorbed in formation of chem compound
37
chemical rxn ex ATP
phosphate group is detached by breaking covalent bond, energy is released - head - mm contraction - - synthesizing new molecules
38
concentration
greater [], greater chances for rxn
39
temp increase --
rate increase, disassociate faster
40
catalysts
speeds up rxn w/o being permanently changed. ex enzyme, in many chem rxns
41
acid + base
proton donor(releases H ions in water) + acceptor
42
pH scale
potency of H or [H+]
43
neutral sln
[H+]={OH-}, ph 7
44
acidic sln
ph <7, [H+]>[OH-}
45
basic sln(alkaline)
ph >7, [H+]
46
buffer
chemical that resists changes in pH by binding to H+, preventing them from causing a decrease in pH
47
inorganic
DOES NOT contain carbon
48
organic
contains carbon. org. molecules are CHO, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
49
oxygen
inorganic molecule, required to extract energy from food molecules
50
CO2
produced when food molecules(ex glucose) are metabolized within cells, blood to lungs to exhale for elimination
51
H2O
inorganic, can absorb large amounts of heat, can remain at stable temp, blood is mostly h20, cools body, lubricant, cushions organs, transports substances
52
CHO
carbohydrate
53
monosaccharides
1 sugar, smallest carb, simple ex: glucose,fructose, building blocks for cho
54
disaccharides
2 sugars, table sugar = sucrose = glucose + fructose
55
polysaccharides
2+sugars, glycogen, cellulose, found in human tissue, in liver and mm as the principle of cho reserve, converted to glucose
56
lipids
fat, not dissolve h2o, makes glycerol and fatty acids. stores energy and pads/insulates
57
trigs
triacylglycerols, most commong fat molecule. 3 fatty acids bound to glycerol molecule
58
phospholipids
polar at one end(head, hydrophilic, phosphate containing) then non polar tail that is fatty acid chain hydrophobic
59
steroids
bile salts, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cholesterol. other molecules are synthesized from it. ex: bile salts increase fat absorption in intestine, reproductive hormones. important component cell membranes
60
protein
made by amino acids(20 types), 9 can only be obtained by diet
61
denaturation
abnormal high temperature change in arrangement of AA, denatures tissue, permanent. ex: egg fried
62
enzyme
protein catalysts that increases rate at which a chemical rxn proceeds w/o enzyme being permanently changed. LOWERS ACTIVATION ENERGY. enzymes join AA in chain forming a protein, enxymes can speed it up to about 1 million times faster than w/o it
63
Enzyme depiction, name of the model
brings together 2 molecules that fit shape of enzyme, LOCK AND KEY, now AB created, detaches and enzyme can be used again
64
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid. genetic material cells, copies of dna transferred from one generation to next, contains info that determines structure of proteins. double stranded.
65
RNA
ribonucleic acid. contains sugar ribose(not deoxyribose) and contains uracil(rather than thymine). single stranded. found in cells, plays role in protein synthesis of mrna, trna, rrna
66
nucleic acid
macromolecule, found in chromosome nucleoli, mitochondria, cytoplasm fo all cells in viruses. ex: DNA, RNA
67
nucleotide
building block of DNA, RNA
68
ATP
adenosine triphosphate. organic, in living organisms, adenosine is a sugar ribose w. organic base adenine.
69
Potential energy stores in what ATP
covalent bond btw 2nd and 3rd P
70
cyanide poisoning
lethal, interferes with production atp in mitochondria, thus no atp, cells die, heart and brain susceptible to cyanide. can happen from burning plastic or rubber, can be taken up by inhalation or absorption skin

BIO 2310 - Exam 1 (7 decks)

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