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Radt. 3011 > Exam 1 Ch 1- Essential Concepts > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch 1- Essential Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

all things are either-

A

matter or energy

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2
Q

matter-

A

anything that occupies space & has mass

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3
Q

building blocks of matter are-

A

atoms & molecules

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4
Q

mass-

A

amount of matter in an object

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5
Q

kilogram-

A

scientific unit of mass

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6
Q

weight-

A

measurement of gravity on an object

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7
Q

energy-

A

ability to do work

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8
Q

mass & weight are considered-

A

equal on earth (ARE NOT THE SAME)

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9
Q

mass of an object can be transformed from-

A

one shape to another (solid, liquid, gas)

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10
Q

energy measured in-

A

-joules
-can also exist in several forms

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11
Q

potential energy-

A

ability to do work by position

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12
Q

kinetic energy-

A

energy of motion

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13
Q

chemical energy-

A

released by chemical reaction

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14
Q

electrical energy-

A

work that can be done when electron/electric charge moves through an electric potential difference

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15
Q

thermal energy (heat)-

A

energy of motion at molecular level

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16
Q

nuclear energy-

A

ability to split apart atoms to create energy

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17
Q

nuclear energy found-

A

in the nucleus of an atom

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18
Q

electromagnetic energy found in-

A

x-rays

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19
Q

electromagnetic energy aka-

A

electromagnetic radiation

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20
Q

electromagnetic energy travels-

A

in wave forms & acts like visible light in some ways

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21
Q

ionizing radiation-

A

any radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from at atom it interacts with

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22
Q

ion-

A

atom that has a charge

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23
Q

radiation-

A

energy emitted & transferred through space

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24
Q

matter that absorbs radiation is said to be-

A

irradiated or exposed

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25
Q

ionization-

A

-adding/removing an electron from an atom
-x-rays cause a removal of an orbit electron creating an ion pair

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26
Q

only forms of electromagnetic radiation-

A

x-rays, gamma rays, & some ultraviolet light w: enough energy to ionize

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27
Q

4 components of naturally occurring ionizing radiation-

A

-cosmic rays
-terrestrial radiation
-radionuclides in the body (internally deposited radionuclides)
-radon (largest)

28
Q

5 manmade ionizing radiation-

A

-diagnostic x-rays (largest)
-nuclear power generator
-research applicator
-industrial sources
-consumer items

29
Q

difference b/w gamme & x- radiation-

A

only a source where they originate

30
Q

gamma radiation originates-

A

inside nucleus

31
Q

x-radiation originates-

A

in electron shells

32
Q

discovered x-rays-

A

Wilhelm Rontgen

33
Q

Rontgen discovered x-ray by-

A

studying cathode rays in a crook’s tube

34
Q

crooks tube-

A

plate coated w: barium platinocyanide (fluorescent material)

35
Q

Rontgen called x-rays-

A

x-light

36
Q

Rontgen awarded first-

A

nobel prize in physics

37
Q

Rontgen produced first medical x-ray in-

A

1896

38
Q

3 things that make Rontgen’s discovery significant-

A

-was an accident
-at least 12 other physicists had witnessed x-ray w/out recognizing their importance
-in ab a month he described nearly all properties we know today

39
Q

3 general types of x-ray exams-

A

-radiography
-fluoroscopy
-CT

40
Q

radiography-

A

uses solid state IR & x-ray tube mounted to ceiling on tracks allowing tube to be moved anywhere

41
Q

Fluoroscopy-

A

uses x-ray tube located under exam table supporting the patient

42
Q

CT-

A

uses rotating x-ray source & detector array

43
Q

Michael Pupin-

A

demonstrated use of intensifying screens

44
Q

Charles Leonard-

A

double emulsion film

45
Q

replaced glass-

A

cellulose nitrate

46
Q

Thomas Edison-

A

-invented fluoroscopy
-Clarency Dally died as a result of his experiment)

47
Q

William Rollins-

A

collimation & flitration

48
Q

development of ______ & ________ brought x-ray to masses-

A

-snooks transformer
-coolidge tube

49
Q

first radiation fatality in US-

A

-1940
-epilation, skin burns, & anemia

50
Q

radiologist developed-

A

blood disorders at higher rate than peers (protective apparel began being used)

51
Q

x-ray workers were provided w:-

A

radiation monitors & were routinely observed for radiation induced changes

52
Q

NCRP-

A

recommended exposure limits

53
Q

ICRP-

A

introduced ALARA

54
Q

10 commandments of radiation protection-

A

1.) Understand & use cardinal principles
2.) Don’t allow familiarity to become false security
3.) Never stand in primary beam
4.) Always wear protective apparel
5.) Always wear a radiation monitor outside protective apron
6.) Never hold a patient
7.) Provide protective apparel to whoever holds patient
8.) Use gonadal shielding
9.) Exams of pelvis & lower abdomen of pregnant female should be avoided
10.) Always collimate to smallest field size appropriate

55
Q

ALARA-

A

-As Low As Reasonably Achievable
-all x-ray imaging must be ordered by physician
-exposure must have specific benefit
-exposure must be kept ALARA
-individual dose limits should remain below maximum allowed

56
Q

Radiation Protection devices:

A

-clothing worn, protective apparel, & gonadal shielding
-protective barriers
-filtration
-collimation
-good positioning skills

57
Q

protective barriers-

A

-construct of room & hospital
-led curtains, bucky slot cover

58
Q

filtration-

A

-uses copper & aluminum
-primary beam passes through that first & removes low energy photons

59
Q

collimation-

A

-field size
-prevents production of scatted

60
Q

Air Kerma-

A

-ionization in air
-unit of radiation exposure
-Gya

61
Q

Gray-

A

-absorbed dose
-in tissue
-Gyt

62
Q

Sievert-

A

-unit of occupational radiation exposure & effective dose
-Sv

63
Q

Becquerel-

A

-unit of radioactivity
-Bq

64
Q

Medical Imaging Team-

A

-accredited programs that follow similar curriculum
-general body of knowledge should be the same
-JRCERT & ARRT

65
Q

scope of practice-

A

affiliation of things you can do in your scope of practice

Radt. 3011 (13 decks)

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