Exam 1 Blueprint Flashcards
1
Q
Expected WBC
A
Normal range: 5,000-10,000 cells/mm^3
2
Q
Hand hygiene
A
is most effective measure for preventing the spread of infectious agents
WHO’s 5 moments for hand hygiene:
- before touching a patient
- before a clean or aseptic procedure
- after body fluid exposure risk
- after touching a patient
- after touching patient surroundings
3
Q
Surgical Asepsis
A
sterile technique
- aims to eliminate all microorganisms from an area, critical in invasive procedures like surgeries
- strict sterilization techniques and sterile environments to prevent contamination
- ensures objects and areas remain free of microorganisms during procedures
- OR, L&D, sterile dressing changes, preparing and injecting medicine
4
Q
Medical Asepsis
A
clean technique
- assumes pathogens are likely present and requires continuous use of aseptic technique; reduce number and transfer of pathogens - hand hygiene, gloves
- cleansing: removal of visible foreign material from objects (soap/water)
- disinfecting: destroying pathogens; use when risk for infection is high
5
Q
Modes of transmission
A
- direct contact: close proximity between host and carrier (touching, kissing)
- indirect contact: via vectors (insects) or fomites (contaminated equipment)
- airborne transmission: small particles spread through the air
– TB - N95 mask and negative air pressure room; door remain closed - droplet transmission: larger particles spread through things like coughing
– 3ft or more from patient; flu - vehicle transmission: transmitted through food and water
- vector transmission: transmitted through insect of fomite
6
Q
Precautions with C. diff (clostridium difficile)
A
7
Q
Infection risk
A
8
Q
Types of isolation
A
9
Q
Nosocomial Infection
A
10
Q
Components of the infection cycle
A
11
Q
Sterile field
A
12
Q
Manifestations of infection
A
13
Q
Components of pulse assessment
A
14
Q
Apical heart rate
A
15
Q
When to take apical HR
A
16
Q
Temperature - techniques and types
A
17
Q
Respirations
A
18
Q
When to take vital signs
A
19
Q
Effects of coffee
A
20
Q
Orthostatic vital signs
A
21
Q
Celsius to Farenheit
A
22
Q
sympathetic nervous system - effects on vital signs
A
23
Q
Pain - effect on vital signs
A
24
Q
PPE
A
25
Pregnancy safety
26
side rails
27
Fire safety
28
Admission orientation
29
Patient safety goals
30
Safety concerns with altered sensory function
31
Stress - effect on safety
32
Mobility - mechanical lift
33
Mobility - cane usage
34
Mobility - walker usage
35
Mobility - patient transfers
36
Mobility - assessment priority
37
Mobility - risks of bed rest
38
Mobility - foot drop
39
Mobility - repositioning and turning
40
Mobility - body mechanics
41
Steps of the nursing process
42
Health history
43
Types of assessments
44
Types of data
45
Benefits of using the nursing process
46
Data base - nursing process
47
Nursing process - priority settings/levels
48
Nursing vs. medical diagnoses
49
Patient goal setting
50
Clinical judgment
51
Culture - patient individuality
52
Social Determinants of Health
53
Cultural competence
54
Oral Medication Calculation
55
Intravenous gravity (gtt/min) medication calculation
56
Leukocytosis - WBC
increased WBC count; often sign of infection or inflammation as WBCs move quickly to the site of infection or injury
57
Types of WBCs
Neutrophils: normal 60-70%
Lymphocytes: normal 20-40%
Monocytes: normal 2-8%
Eosinophils: normal 1-4%
Basophils: normal 0.5-1%
58
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
RBCs settle more rapidly to the bottom of a tube of whole blood when inflammation is present
59
Products for hand hygiene
alcohol-based hand rubs: preferred when hands are not visibly soiled; effective in reducing bacterial counts quickly
soap and water: when hands visibly dirty or after contact with C. diff (alcohol-based rubs ineffective against these spores)
60
Indications for using surgical asepsis
- procedures that require intentional perforation of the skin
- when skin integrity broken due to trauma, surgical incision, or burns
- procedures that involve insertion of catheters or surgical instruments into sterile body cavities
61
Key practices of medical asepsis
- practice good hand hygiene
- carry soiled items without letting them touch clothing
- avoid placing soiled items on the floor to minimize contamination
- prevent patients from coughing, sneezing, or breathing directly on others
- move equipment away from yourself when cleaning to prevent contamination
- avoid raising dust; use damp or treated cloth
- clean the least soiled areas first
- dispose of soiled items directly into appropriate containers
- pour liquids to be discarded directly into drains to avoid splattering
- sterilize equipment suspected of containing pathogens
- practice personal grooming to limit microorganism spread
- follow guidelines for standard and transmission-based precautions
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