Exam 1 Blueprint

Question 1

Expected WBC

Answer 1

Normal range: 5,000-10,000 cells/mm^3

Question 2

Hand hygiene

Answer 2

is most effective measure for preventing the spread of infectious agents

WHO’s 5 moments for hand hygiene:
- before touching a patient
- before a clean or aseptic procedure
- after body fluid exposure risk
- after touching a patient
- after touching patient surroundings

Question 3

Surgical Asepsis

Answer 3

sterile technique

• aims to eliminate all microorganisms from an area, critical in invasive procedures like surgeries
• strict sterilization techniques and sterile environments to prevent contamination
• ensures objects and areas remain free of microorganisms during procedures
• OR, L&D, sterile dressing changes, preparing and injecting medicine

Question 4

Medical Asepsis

Answer 4

clean technique

• assumes pathogens are likely present and requires continuous use of aseptic technique; reduce number and transfer of pathogens - hand hygiene, gloves
• cleansing: removal of visible foreign material from objects (soap/water)
• disinfecting: destroying pathogens; use when risk for infection is high

Question 5

Modes of transmission

Answer 5

• direct contact: close proximity between host and carrier (touching, kissing)
• indirect contact: via vectors (insects) or fomites (contaminated equipment)
• airborne transmission: small particles spread through the air
  – TB - N95 mask and negative air pressure room; door remain closed
• droplet transmission: larger particles spread through things like coughing
  – 3ft or more from patient; flu
• vehicle transmission: transmitted through food and water
• vector transmission: transmitted through insect of fomite

Question 6

Precautions with C. diff (clostridium difficile)

Question 7

Infection risk

Question 8

Types of isolation

Question 9

Nosocomial Infection

Question 10

Components of the infection cycle

Question 11

Sterile field

Question 12

Manifestations of infection

Question 13

Components of pulse assessment

Question 14

Apical heart rate

Question 15

When to take apical HR

Question 16

Temperature - techniques and types

Question 17

Respirations

Question 18

When to take vital signs

Question 19

Effects of coffee

Question 20

Orthostatic vital signs

Question 21

Celsius to Farenheit

Question 22

sympathetic nervous system - effects on vital signs

Question 23

Pain - effect on vital signs

Question 24

PPE

Question 25

Pregnancy safety

Question 26

side rails

Question 27

Fire safety

Question 28

Admission orientation

Question 29

Patient safety goals

Question 30

Safety concerns with altered sensory function

Question 31

Stress - effect on safety

Question 32

Mobility - mechanical lift

Question 33

Mobility - cane usage

Question 34

Mobility - walker usage

Question 35

Mobility - patient transfers

Question 36

Mobility - assessment priority

Question 37

Mobility - risks of bed rest

Question 38

Mobility - foot drop

Question 39

Mobility - repositioning and turning

Question 40

Mobility - body mechanics

Question 41

Steps of the nursing process

Question 42

Health history

Question 43

Types of assessments

Question 44

Types of data

Question 45

Benefits of using the nursing process

Question 46

Data base - nursing process

Question 47

Nursing process - priority settings/levels

Question 48

Nursing vs. medical diagnoses

Question 49

Patient goal setting

Question 50

Clinical judgment

Question 51

Culture - patient individuality

Question 52

Social Determinants of Health

Question 53

Cultural competence

Question 54

Oral Medication Calculation

Question 55

Intravenous gravity (gtt/min) medication calculation

Question 56

Leukocytosis - WBC

Answer 56

increased WBC count; often sign of infection or inflammation as WBCs move quickly to the site of infection or injury

Question 57

Types of WBCs

Answer 57

Neutrophils: normal 60-70%
Lymphocytes: normal 20-40%
Monocytes: normal 2-8%
Eosinophils: normal 1-4%
Basophils: normal 0.5-1%

Question 58

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer 58

RBCs settle more rapidly to the bottom of a tube of whole blood when inflammation is present

Question 59

Products for hand hygiene

Answer 59

alcohol-based hand rubs: preferred when hands are not visibly soiled; effective in reducing bacterial counts quickly

soap and water: when hands visibly dirty or after contact with C. diff (alcohol-based rubs ineffective against these spores)

Question 60

Indications for using surgical asepsis

Answer 60

• procedures that require intentional perforation of the skin
• when skin integrity broken due to trauma, surgical incision, or burns
• procedures that involve insertion of catheters or surgical instruments into sterile body cavities

Question 61

Key practices of medical asepsis

Answer 61

• practice good hand hygiene
• carry soiled items without letting them touch clothing
• avoid placing soiled items on the floor to minimize contamination
• prevent patients from coughing, sneezing, or breathing directly on others
• move equipment away from yourself when cleaning to prevent contamination
• avoid raising dust; use damp or treated cloth
• clean the least soiled areas first
• dispose of soiled items directly into appropriate containers
• pour liquids to be discarded directly into drains to avoid splattering
• sterilize equipment suspected of containing pathogens
• practice personal grooming to limit microorganism spread
• follow guidelines for standard and transmission-based precautions