Exam 1 Blueprint Flashcards
what is expected of an infants weight by 5 months?
birth weight doubles
what is expected of an infants weight by 12 months?
birth weight triples
how much should an infants birth height increase by 12 months?
birth weight increases by 50% at 12 months
what is an expected increase for HC (head circumference) of an infant by 12 months?
10 cm increase
what is the recommended nutrition for infant in the first 6 months?
breastfeeding
what should be included in nutrition for a breastfeeding infant at 4 months?
iron supplement
what type of formula is recommended for bottle feeding infants?
iron fortified formula
how long should cows milk be avoided?
1st year of infants life
when should solids be introduced to an infant?
at 4-6 months
what order should solid foods be introduced to an infant?
- iron fortified cereal
- veggies
- fruit
how often should new foods be introduced to an infant?
every 3-5 days
Are infants nearsighted or farsighted?
nearsighted and their eyes wander
what do infants prefer visually?
prefer contrasting colors at first and then have full color by 7 months
what is expected of the hearing development of an infant?
intact at birth
what sensory development of smell/taste are expected of an infant?
they can differentiate the smell and taste of breast milk and prefer sweet taste
what do infants prefer to touch?
objects with soft sensations
what can an infant detect through the touch of a caregiver?
the caregiver’s mood
which the ericksons stage of development occurs during infancy?
trust vs mistrust
what is the trust vs mistrust stage based on?
based on the quality of the caregiver-infant relationship and care received
what reflexes are expected in an infant?
- sucking
- rooting (turning head to find nipple)
- palmar and plantar grasp
- moro
- tonic-neck (fencing)
- babinski
what is the moro reflex?
startle reflex
- arms go in air with palms up
what is the tonic-neck reflex?
fencing reflex
- head turned to one side and the arm on the same side will go straight out as the opposite one will bend at the elbow
what is the Babinski sign?
- normal in infant; bottom of foot is stroked and big toe dorsiflexes as the other toes fan out
what age is cooing expected?
3 months
what age is babbling expected?
6 months
what language development is expected by 12 months?
3-5 words
what gross motor milestone is expected by 4 months?
rolls from back to side
- head control
when is rolling from back to front expected?
6 months
when is expected for a child to sit unsupported and creep on hands and knees?
9 months
what gross motor milestone is expected by 12 months?
- sit down from standing
- walks with one hand hold or alone
what fine motor milestone is expected by 4 months?
grasps objects with both hands
when is it expected for an infant to be able to hold a bottle?
6 months
when should the crude pincer grasp be expected of an infant?
9 months
what fine motor skills should be seen at 12 months?
- attempt 2-block tower
- turns pages in a book
- feed self w/cup/spoon
when does object permanence develop?
by 8 months
what is the Piaget separation major task in infants?
- learn to seperate themselves from other objects in the environment
what is object permanence?
objects leaves the visual field but still exists
what is piaget’s sensorimotor mental representation?
ability to visualize things that are not physically present
what are some age appropriate activities for infants?
-bright-colored tools
- balls and blocks
- books (read to them)
- rattles/mobiles/mirrors
- pat-a-cake
what type of play is best expected for an infant?
solitary play
at what age may an infant show signs of social anxiety?
around 8 months
what is expected of HR in an infant?
decreases w/age
what should RR do as newborn ages?
decreases w/age
what is expected of the BP of a newborn?
increases w/age
how many teeth are expected by 12 months?
6-8 teeths
what atraumatic care tactics can be implemented for an infant?
- soothing music
- therapeutic hugging
- calming voice
- including parent in care
what are 4 potential organ system complications that infants are more susceptible to?
- heat loss
- dehydration
- URI
- F/E imbalances
what type of play is seen in toddlers?
parallel play
- toddlers are egocentric and they don’t like to share
what are age-appropriate activities for a toddler?
- filling empty containers
- balls and blocks
- books
- finger paints
- thick crayons
which Ericksons theory is seen in toddlers?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
what are the 4 components of ericksons autonomy vs shame and doubt theory that is seen in toddlers?
- independence
- ritualism
- negativism
- egocentrism
what is negativism?
component of autonomy vs shame & doubt where toddler uses “no” as a way to express independence
what is egocentrism (toddlers)?
unable to see things from other’s perspectives
Describe symbolic thought
can make mental representation of objects in the world around them (broom=horse)
which piaget cognitive development component is characterized by toddlers imitating observed activities?
- start playing make belief
domestic mimicry
what is expected of the attention span of a toddler?
limited attention span
how long should toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat with harness straps and clip?
until age 2
what car safety consideration should be implemented after age 2?
forward-facing seat but in the rear seat of car
If a rear seat is unavailable for a toddler/infant to ride in a car, what is an essential precaution?
air bag must be disabled
what age group is known for picky eating?
toddlers
what are foods jags?
what age are these seen in?
- prefers certain foods for a set time period
- toddlers
what may a toddler desire who is expressing ritualism with eating?
insists on same dish, cup, spoon, etc
why should bottles and no-spill cups be weaned by 15 months?
prevent dental caries
at what age should myelination of the brain and spinal cord be complete?
2-3 years
what happens to the eustachian tube in toddlers as compared to infants?
they shorten and straighten
what is an average urine output for toddlers?
1ml/kg/hr
what increases the risk of UTI in toddlers?
shorter urethra
what stance is expected in toddlers?
swayback w/potbelly due to weak abdominal and lower back muscles
which organ system development makes toilet training an age-appropriate behavior for toddlers?
myelination of CNS during this age allows control of urinary sphincters
what are 4 expected behaviors for a toddler?
- temper tantrums
- aggressive behaviors
- toilet training
- transitional objects
what word describes the social characteristic of toddlers is characterized by them reverting back to earlier stages during times of stress?
regression
what are 2 common fears in toddlers?
strangers and the dark
what age group may telegraphic speech be seen in?
give an example
toddlers
-“more juice”
how many words are expected by 2 yrs old?
50-300 words
what refers to the repetition of the words that others say, a trait seen in the language development of toddlers?
echolalia
which piaget stage is expected by 2 yrs?
preoperational
- toddler stage begins with sensorimotor and transitions to preoperational
when may separation anxiety reemerge in a toddler?
18-24 months
what atraumatic care approaches should the nurse use for a toddler?
- facilitate independence
- offer choices
- encourage caregivers in routine care
- engage in parallel play
what occurs to the number of alveoli for preschool age children?
increase in number
is a heart murmur normal or unexpected in preschoolers?
this is often a non-pathologic heart murmur that is expected
when do preschoolers first begin losing baby teeth?
5-6 yr old
what age group are these gross motor milestones expected in?
- very agile
- walk up and down stairs
- run, hop and skip
- ride tricycle
preschool age (3-6 yr)
when should children be able to grasp utensils and crayons with similar dexterity to an adult?
3 -6 yr (preschool)
what age should a child be able to copy a circle?
3 -6 yr
is it expected that preschoolers feed themselves?
yes
what age is it expected that children start using scissors, tying shoes, write first name and button shirts?
3 -6 yr (preschool)
what weight is expected in 5 yr olds?
41 lbs
what nutritional guidance should be provided for preschoolers/family?
obesity prevention
which Erikson’s stage is seen in preschoolers (3-6 yr)?
Initiative vs Guilt
why may guilt occur in preschoolers (ericksons)?
environment represses initiation through criticism and control
which portion of Ericksons stage during 3-6 yr is developed by child exploring, making decisions and initiating activities?
initiative
what 4 tasks are seen in Piaget’s preoperational stage (preschoolers)?
TAMI
- time
- animism
- magical thinking
- imaginary friends
describe magical thinking (preschoolers
believe thoughts are all powerful
what type of play is expected in preschoolers?
associative
what fears are common in preschoolers?
- procedures (body mutilation)
- hospitalizations
- dark
what scenarios cause regression in preschoolers?
during stress, insecurity, or illness
why are nightmares common in preschoolers?
vivid imagination
how often should preschoolers go to the dentist?
Q 6 months
what is a safety concern of the dental care of preschoolers?
trauma is common
what is expected of napping in preschoolers?
naps are infrequent
how many words are expected in preschoolers?
2000 words
what type of sentence structure is expected in preschoolers?
5 -word
why may preschoolers have difficulty with some consonants?
rushing their speech
which Erikson’s theory is seen in school age children?
industry vs inferiority
what are the characteristics of the industry portion of eriksons model?
development of skills and knowledge that allows child to provide meaningful contributions to society and to feel capable and competent
what may develop in a child if they feel they are not competent or that they do not have skills to contribute?
inferiority
which piaget stage is expected in school-age children?
concrete operations
what age should children be able to classify and sort objects?
school age (6-12)
what age does Piaget’s principle of conservation present itself?
6-12 (school age)
what typeof play is expected in school age children?
cooperative play
when should children begin to understand double meanings, allowing them to understand jokes/riddles?
school age (6-12)
what hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH in adolescents?
GnRH
what does the secretion of LH lead to?
in females and males
ovulation in females
testosterone production in males
when does menarche generally occur?
9 - 15 years
what is the leading cause of death in adolescents?
unintentional injuries
what is the leading cause of injury in adolescents?
MVA (motor vehicle accidents)
what generally causes poisoning injury deaths in adolescents?
opioid overdose
what type of death cause is increasing in 15-19 yr olds?
firearm deaths
what is the second leading cause of death in adolescents?
suicide
why should we monitor adolescents for changes in mood and self-harm?
suicide risk
which piaget stage is expected during the adolescent age group?
formal operations
what age group should abstract thinking develop in?
adolescent
which Erickson’s theory develops during adolescence?
identity vs role confusion
what 2 eating disorders are common in adolescents?
- anorexia
- bulimia
what are the daily calorie needs for an adolescent?
2000 calories
what are 4 age appropriate activities for the adolescent age group?
- peer interactions
- reading
- music
- part-time job/driving
when may the wisdom teeth erupt?
17-20 yrs
