Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMR II > Exam 1: Aging Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Aging Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Guiding Principles from APTA for caring for the geriatric population

A
  1. Utilize person centered care
  2. Anti-ageist
  3. Holistic assessment and evaluation to inform treatment plan and relate to patient’s goals
  4. Evidence based interventions
  5. Promote health, well-being, chronic disease management, mobility
  6. Collaboration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are musculoskeletal considerations with aging?

A

Sarcopenia, decreased muscle contraction velocity, decreased strength, decreased muscle fiber cross-section area, bone, loss, collagen stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are cardio/pulmonary considerations with aging?

A

Calcification of valves, decreased arterial elasticity, muscle strength, forces expiratory volume, increased residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are neuro considerations with aging?

A

Decreased brain weight and size, increased ventricular size, decreased nerve speed and conduction, decreased reaction time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are integumentary considerations with aging?

A

Decreased sensory perception, increased risk of hypo or hyperthermia, decreased temperature regulation, thick dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are metabolic and endocrine considerations with aging?

A

Decreased sensitivity to insulin, decreased metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are GI considerations with aging?

A

Decreased energy requirements, decreased drug metabolism, increased risk of side effects, constipation, decreased gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are genitourinary considerations with aging?

A

Increased prostate size, incontinence, decreased kidney function and filtration rate, decreased bladder capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of memory is most affected with aging?

A

Short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge of specific information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Knowledge of performance of a specific task or skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is working memory, and how is it affected by aging?

A

Use of relevant information during a task

Decreased with age, but not as much decline as STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is episodic memory, and how is it affected by aging?

A

Lived personal experiences

More affected than semantic and procedural memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Maintaining attention over a long period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Selective disregard of items that are irrelevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is divided attention?

A

The ability to process two or more sources of information at the same time

Decreased ability to switch attention between dual tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does aging affect divided attention?

A

Older adults have more difficulty that can lead to increased fall risk

Will prioritize motor tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is general intelligence?

A

Broad mental capacity and performance on cognitive ability measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does general intelligence begin to decline?

A

50-70 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is crystalized intelligence, and what affect does aging have?

A

Accumulation of knowledge and skills

Is maintained or improved with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is fluid intelligence, and what affect does aging have?

A

The speed and ability to problem solve

Declines with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Progressive hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Ringing in ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does hearing decline begin?

A

Around 40 and will accelerate overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can hearing deficits be managed in treatment?

A

Reduce background noise, speak loudly and slowly, be careful with pronunciation, lower frequency of voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What affect does aging have on pupils?

A

Smaller in size, less responsive

Leads to increased difficulty seeing in the dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are techniques to assist with decreased ability to see in the dark?

A

Use contrasting colors to highlight barriers or steps, remove throw rugs or uneven surfaces, night lights, motion sensors, allow for extra time transitioning between light and dark areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are common conditions that cause visual impairment?

A

Cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What affect does aging have on taste and smell?

A

Decreased taste sensitivity due to decreased size and number of taste buds

Decreased saliva production

Decreased ability to smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the relevant consequences of decreased ability to taste and smell?

A

Decreased desire to eat that can cause poor nutrition and increased salt consumption, leading to poor health outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What affect does aging have on touch sensation?

A

Decreased sensation to touch, pain, vibration, pressure, proprioception, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What clinically relevant effects does decreased touch perception have?

A

Increased risk of injury from burns and pressure ulcers, balance impairments, increased fall risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is optimal aging?

A

Absence of disease and disability, quality cognitive and physical function, socially engaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the definition of polypharmacy?

A

Taking multiple medications, often defined as five or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is rational polypharmacy?

A

Multiple medications to treat multiple medical issues or to treat single medical issue where each drug works together to control symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is irrational polypharmacy?

A

Excessive, duplicate, contraindicated medications are prescribed to treat the same condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is pharmokinetics?

A

Study of what happens to the drug once it is in the human body

38
Q

What is absorption, and what affect does aging have?

A

Movement of drug into the blood stream

Decreased stomach acidity, decreased motility

39
Q

What is distribution, and what affect does aging have?

A

Transport of the drug to various tissues

Decreased total body water, increased adipose tissue, decreased muscle mass

40
Q

What is metabolism, and what affect does aging have?

A

Drug clearance primarily from the liver

Liver mass, enzyme levels, blood flow

41
Q

What is excretion, and what affect does aging have?

A

Elimination of drug by the renal system

Decreased kidney size, renal blood flow, and filtration rates

42
Q

Why are older adults more susceptible to adverse drug effects?

A

Decreased GI absorption, decreased total body water, decreased body mass, plasma protein concentrations, increased fat can affect lipid and water-soluble medications, reduced kidney excretion

43
Q

What are some adverse drug effects?

A

GI symptoms, sedation, confusion, depression, orthostatic hypotension, fatigue

44
Q

What are drug considerations for PT treatment?

A
  1. Distinguish drug effects from symptoms
  2. Schedule sessions around dose
  3. Educate drug compliance
45
Q

Why are older adults vulnerable to malnutrition?

A

Decreased energy requirements, decreased lean body mass, decreased metabolic rate, increased need for specific nutrients

46
Q

What are some things that can cause malnutrition in older adults?

A

Changes to taste and smell, medication that reduce appetite, decreased sense of thirst, GI distress, chewing difficulties, financial concerns

47
Q

What is the definition of frailty?

A

Clinically recognized state of increased vulnerability resulting from age-associated decline in reserve and function across multiple physiologic systems

48
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of frailty?

A
  1. low grip strength
  2. low energy
  3. slowed walking speed
  4. low physical activity
  5. unintentional weight loss
49
Q

What are complications associated with frailty?

A

Increased risk of infections and disease, longer healing time, surgery is more risky, hospital stays are longer and more expensive

50
Q

Recommendations for older adults with frailty or failure to thrive?

A

Drink more liquids, portion control, plan healthy meals, consume soft foods, use herbs and spices, eat socially, eat safely, read labels, communicate with MD about supplements and vitamins

51
Q

What are a few reason why older people are more likely to develop dehydration?

A

Decreased thirst, dilute urine due to changes in renal flow, medications, caffeine

52
Q

What are symptoms of dehydration?

A

Confusion, lethargy, rapid weight loss, functional decline, decreased skin turgor, decreased BP, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia

53
Q

What are risk factors of dehydration for older adults?

A

Diminished thirst, loss of mentation, water metabolism changes, loss of physical function, visual changes, medications, vomiting and diarrhea, acute illness, decreased food intake, fear of incontinence

54
Q

What are symptoms of a UTI?

A

Pain with urination, frequency, persistent urge to urinate, hematuria, odor, cloudy urine

55
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Leakage while jumping, coughing, laughing, straining

56
Q

What is overactive bladder incontinence?

A

Strong urge to urinate even without a full bladder

57
Q

What is mixed incontinence?

A

Symptoms of both stress and overactive incontinence

58
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

Bladder does not completely empty, urine leakage, with or without the urge to go

59
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

Urinary tract is functioning properly, but other illness or disabilities prevent bladder control

60
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Metabolic condition caused by a decrease in osteoblast function with decreased calcium and phosphate salts that caused bones to lose mass and become brittle, which increases the risk of fracture

61
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

A

Compression and other bone fractures, low back pain, thoracic pain, decreased lumbar lordosis, kyphosis, decreased height

62
Q

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

A

Vitamins and medications, nutrition, assistive device use, education, surgery if stabilization is required

63
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Low bone mass, but not low enough to classify as osteoporosis

64
Q

What type of bone is affected by osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?

A

Trabecular bone

65
Q

What type of bone is affected by osteoporosis in the geriatric population

A

Trabecular and cortical bone

66
Q

What bones are at highest risk of fracture with osteoporosis?

A

Vertebrae, distal radius and ulna, femoral neck

67
Q

What can cause secondary osteoporosis?

A

Prolonged drug therapy, specifically heparin and corticosteroids

68
Q

What are primary goals of rehab for a patient with osteoporsis?

A

Decrease fall risk and exercise

69
Q

What should be avoided in patients with osteoporosis?

A

Excessive forward bending, exercising with the trunk flexed, trunk flexion paired with rotation, prolonged immobilization

70
Q

What are the effects of trunk orthoses in patients with osteoporosis?

A

Short term pain relief, long term weakness and deconditioning

71
Q

What is the definition of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?

A

Lower than expected cognitive performance in comparison to age group

Does not affect the ability to function

72
Q

Is MCI associated with increased risk of dementia?

A

No

73
Q

What is the definition of dementia?

A

Slow gradual onset of diminished ability to reason and make sound judgements, loss of social skills, develop or regressed antisocial behaviors

74
Q

What are the two most common forms of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s and multi-infarct dementia

75
Q

What are symptoms of dementia?

A

Difficulty with comprehension of language, decreased problem solving, behavioral disturbances, memory deficits

Symptoms will increase with age

76
Q

What is delirium?

A

Transient mental disorder with relatively rapid onset that fluctuates. Duration can be a couple of hours up to four weeks

77
Q

What are the typical characteristics of delirium?

A

Reduced ability to pay attention to external stimuli, shift attention to new stimuli, disorganized thinking, irrelevant and incoherent speech

78
Q

What are possible causes of delirium?

A

Hospitalization, surgery, side effect of a new medication

79
Q

What are the risk factors of delirium?

A

Age > 70, decreased cognitive status, depression, alcohol abuse

80
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s?

A

Progressive deterioration and irreversible damage to the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas associated with the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

81
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Difficulty with new learning, memory and concentration changes, loss of orientation and time, difficulty finding words, depression, poor judgement, rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, decreased ability to perform ADL’s, incontinence, functional dependence, inability to speak

82
Q

What are possible treatments for Alzheimer’s?

A

Medication to alleviate cognitive symptoms and control behavior

83
Q

What is required for an official Alzheimer’s diagnosis?

A

Must have at least two deficits in memory and cognitive function found via physical exam, neurologic exam, and neurophysiological testing

84
Q

What motor changes are found in patients with Alzheimer’s?

A

Slow movement, halting gait, generalized weakness, increased fall risk due to decreased postural reflexed, decreased awareness of self and environment, and decreased ability to navigate obstacles

85
Q

What are the PT treatment goals for patients with Alzheimer’s?

A

Improve quality of life, functional performance, safety, decrease fall risk, caregiver training

86
Q

What are the symptoms of Geriatric Syndrome?

A

Decreased bladder control, sleep problems, delirium, dementia, falls, osteoporosis, weight loss, polypharmacy

87
Q

What are signs of caregiver stress?

A

Lacking energy, fatigue, sleep problems, changes in eating, withdrawing, overwhelmed, anxiety, depression, mood swings, impatient, anxiety about the future, difficulty coping with daily tasks, lowered resistance to illness

88
Q

What are strategies to help with caregiver stress?

A

Support, self-care, share the load, family leave, support groups, respite

89
Q

How can you combat ageism?

A

Recognizing inherent beliefs and prejudices to allow practitioners to provide unbiased care and meet the needs of the patients

90
Q

What people are at highest risk of elder abuse?

A

Women, people that are dependent, frail

91
Q

What are the different types of elder abuse?

A

Physical, emotional, neglect, abandonment, sexual, financial

92
Q

What are warning signs of elder abuse?

A

Unexplained injuries, annoyance, malnutrition, dehydration, soiled or inappropriate clothing, weight loss, trouble sleeping, bed sores, depression, confusion, withdrawn

NMR II (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions