Exam 1

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

• synthesis of macromolecules
• breakdown of macromolecules
• control of enzyme activity

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

Synthesis of macromolecules 
Involves bond formation 
Endergonic 
Dehydration 
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Breakdown of macromolecules
Control of enzyme activity
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 4

Energy cannot

Answer 4

Be created by cells. It can only be crated through the flow of energy process

Question 5

Exergonic

Answer 5

Energy is released

Cellular respiration

Question 6

Endergonic

Answer 6

Energy is absorbed

The reactants have less potential energy than the products

Question 7

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Cels must acquire energy from their environment

Question 8

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

Every energy transformation is accompanied by a loss of usable energy often as heat

(Heat energy goes back into the environment- it can’t stay in the cells or else it’ll burn)

Question 9

Oxidation

Answer 9

The gain of oxygen, the loss of hydrogen. Therefore oxidation is the loss of electrons

Question 10

Reduction

Answer 10

Loss of oxygen
Gain of hydrogen
Gain of electrons

Question 11

Activation energy

Answer 11

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

All chemical reactions must overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reactions activation energy

Question 12

Enzymes

Answer 12

Catalytic proteins that speed up metabolic reactions by LOWERING ENERGY BARRIERS

All reactions require a catalyst

Question 13

Substrate

Answer 13

The reactant that an enzyme acts on. The enzyme binds to its substrate forming an enzyme substrate complex

Question 14

Active site

Answer 14

Region on enzyme where substrate binds

Question 15

Cofactors

Answer 15

No protein helpers required by enzymes for catalytic activity. Ie: zinc, iron and copper.

Question 16

Coenzymes

Answer 16

Organic cofactors, include vitamins or molecules derived from vitamins.
Vitamins help stomach enzymes break down food better so the cell can get more out of it

Question 17

Competitive inhibition

Answer 17

Enzyme inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

Example; penicillin blocks the enzyme that bacteria use to make cell walls

Question 18

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 18

Bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change structure which makes the active site less effective

Example: heavy metal poisoning or cyanide poisoning

Question 19

Feedback inhibition

Answer 19

The end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an early step in the pathway and shuts the pathway down

It always inhibits the first enzyme so the entire pathway is shut down. Thai prevents the cell from wasting chemical resources by continuing with the cycle/synthesizing more product than necessary

Question 20

Effect of temp on enzyme activity

Answer 20

Too much heat may disrupt the weak bonds to change the tertiary structure of proteins= denaturation

Question 21

Effect of ph on enzymes

Answer 21

Enzymes have optimal ph and temp in which they function

The pH is the hydrogen ion concentration which can alter the interaction between r groups that determine the tertiary structure of an enzyme resulting in a change of the active site structure

Question 22

Catabolic pathways

Answer 22

Release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules

Question 23

Redox reactions

Answer 23

Oxidation and reduction are coupled to make ATP

FOOD IS OXIDIZED TO CO2

OXYGEN IS REDUCED TO WATER

Question 24

Glycolysis

Answer 24

Glucose a 6 carbon sugar is spilt into pyruvate

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 25

Role of oxygen

Answer 25

Terminal electron acceptor that gets reduced to water

Question 26

Fate of carbon after Krebs cycle

Answer 26

They get oxidized to carbon dioxide. The entire carbon skeleton of glucose gets oxidized/broken down which is the goal of cellular respiration

Question 27

Purpose of Krebs cycle

Answer 27

Burning of food into carbon dioxide

Produces large quantities of NADH and FADH2 which carry energy (hydrogen atoms) to the electron transport chain

Question 28

Electron transport chain

Answer 28

Located in the extensive surface of the crustal which is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Function: break the large fee energy drop from food into a series of small steps that release energy manageabley

Question 29

Proton motive force

Answer 29

The flow of hydrogen protons through ATP synthase

Question 30

Water wheel

Answer 30

ATP synthase

Question 31

Chemiosmosis

Answer 31

The movenement of protons down the gradient though ATP synthase which generate energy to active ATP synthase

Question 32

ATP generated by ETC

Answer 32

34

By oxidative phosphorylation

Question 33

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 33

Pyruvate converted to ethanol in two steps.

Used in yeast in brewing and baking

Question 34

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 34

Pyruvate converted to lactic acid,

Muscles
Fungi and bacteria
Yeast
Yogurt

Question 35

Catabolism of proteins and fats

Answer 35

Proteins convey to pyruvate or Acteyl CoA or go directly to Krebs

Fats broken down to monomers called glycerol