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Biology-181 > Chapter 6-7 Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 6-7 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Light microscopes

A

The advantage is being able to view dynamic processes in living cells… ie; contractile vacuole seen pumping out water of paramecium in pond water
The limitation of the LM is that the shortest wavelength of light limits the solving power of the LM.

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2
Q

Electron microscopy

A

There are two kinds
1- scanning electron microscopes: show surface details by focusing a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen providing 3D images
2- transmission electron microscopes: show internal details also by focusing a beam of electrons through a specimen.

Mainly used for the study of internal structure of cells, cannot see dynamic processes

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3
Q

Cell fractionation: purpose and method

A

Cell fractionation takes cells apart and departed the major organelle for their specific functions can be determined. A homogenizer is like a blender, then centrifuge process keeps spinning and collecting fractions of light material as the heavier material sinks to the bottom. The heavier material is called the pellet. The light ones remain in the supernatant.
Helps correlate cell function with structure

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Simpler and smaller than eukaryotes
Have no nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum
DNA is in unbound region called nucleoid
Non membrane bound organelles means that the basic cell functions are different in prokaryotes than eukaryotes
Bacteria

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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have DNA in nucleus
Complex and larger than prokaryotes
Membrane bound organelles
Plants animals fungi are examples

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6
Q

The nucleus

A

Contains DNA and protein in the form of chromatin which are long and fiber like
During cell division the DNA condenses into discrete unites called chromosomes
The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes of rRNA and protein
Carry out protein synthesis
Free ribosomes are in the cytosine
Bound ribosomes are on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Found in many freshwater protists, pump excess h20 out

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth- lacks ribosomes, synthesizes oils phospholipids and steriods, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

Rough- site of synthesis of proteins that are exported from the cell. Has ribosmesbthatvsecrete glycoproteins. Distributed transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes. Is a membrane factory for the cell

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Warehouse
Transport molecules due to thei polar characteristics
Constituted of flattened membrane sacs called cistae

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membranous sac I. Which hydrophilic enzymes that can cause collateral damage are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components

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12
Q

Autophagy

A

When lysosomes eat their own organelles and macromolecules

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13
Q

Vaculoes

A

Maintenance
3 types:
Food, contractile, and central
Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
Central vacuoles hold reserves of organic compounds

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse
Only in eukaryotes
Have Cistae that increase the surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A 
Capture light energy 
AKA PLASTIDS 
photosynthesis- light to chem energy 
Thylakoids ante membranous sacs that are stacked for form granum 
Stroma is interns fluid of chloroplasts
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16
Q

Perioxisomes

A

Perform oxidation by hydrogen peroxide enzyme that transfers hydrogen from various substances to oxygen producing water

Detoxing of toxins

17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Consisted of microtubules microfilaaments, and intermediate filaments

18
Q

Microtubulues

A

Cel shape

Cell motility

19
Q

Microfilaments

A 
Cell shape 
Cell motility 
Muscle contraction 
Phagocytosis 
Cell division
20
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects plant cells maintains shape and prevents excess uptake of water

Prokaryotes fungi and some unicellular eukaryotes also have cell walls

Cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharide and protein

21
Q

Extra cellular matrix of animal cells

A

Since animal cells do not have cell wall they have this that makes cellular communication possible

22
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates cell from outside

Selective permeability

23
Q

Centriole

A

Organize microtubules that make up sketelton

24
Q

Plasmodesemata

A

Channels that perforate cell walls

25
Q

Animal cells have junctions

A

Tight junctions, Desmond ones and half junctions which provide cytoplasmic channels for flow of ions

26
Q

What structure is made in the nucleolus

A

RRNA

27
Q

Which organelles have ATP, DNA, and ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

28
Q

Phospholipids

A

Amphipathic, have phosphate heads that are hydrophilic and polar

Fatty acid tails and hydrophobic and nonpolar

The majority of cell is nonpolar so polar things can penetrate easily

Can drift laterally to allow things to slide in membrane

Membranes fluid if high in bc unsat fat kinks at lower temp

29
Q

Cholesterol

A

Wedged between phospholipid molecules

This enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when temp drops

Winter wheat

30
Q

Glycoproteins-

A

Oligosaccharidee polysaccharide attach to glycoproteins for

Cell to cell recognition

Antigens

31
Q

Glycolipids

A

Cell to cell recognition polysaccharide attach

32
Q

Peripheral proteins.

A

Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

Antigens

33
Q

Integral proteins

A

Amohipathic and pentrate through the billions membrane

Transmembrane channels that pump permeate proteins

34
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A 
Transport 
Enzymatic activity 
Signal transduction 
Intercellular joining 
Cell to cell recognition 
Anchorage
35
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Transmembrane proteins that specific ions and polar molecules can cross the lipid bilateral through

Biology-181 (4 decks)

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