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Biology-181 > Chapters 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapters 10 & 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energy (solar) to chemical energy in food (carbs)

6CO2 + 12 H20 + light energy ==> C6H1206+ 602+6H20

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2
Q

Respiration

A

The conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy in ATP

C6H1206+ 602 ==> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

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3
Q

Autotroph

A

Produce their organic molecules from C02 and other inorganic raw materials
(Producers)

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4
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use light as the energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials

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5
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Harvest energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain energy by metabolizing molecules produced by other organisms and include decomposers

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7
Q

In photosynthesis water is the

A

Hydrogen and electron donor

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8
Q

What is used to split water molecules and what does it produces

A

Light energy is used to split water molecules and it forms 2H+, 2e-, and oxygen

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9
Q

Where is the hydrogen in carbs from

A

Water

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10
Q

Where does the carbon source used to make carbs from

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

The stroma

A

The central aqueous space of the chloroplast, two membranes surround it

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12
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membranous sacs in the stroma

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13
Q

Grana

A

Thylakoids are stacked into these columns

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14
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

Plots a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

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15
Q

Action spectrum

A

Measures change in some measure of photosynthetic activity

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16
Q

Pigments and wavelengths

A

Diff pigments absorb diff wavelengths

Chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue (420 nm)

Chlorophyll b and carotenoids absorb other ones that funnel energy to chlorophyll a

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17
Q

Engelmann experiment

A

To determine the relationship between wavelengths of light and the oxygen released during photosynthesis and which wavelength maximized photosynthesis he conducted this experiment::

1) place filament of algae in flask and expose it to light
2) place prism to split the light into all 7 wavelengths
3) add aerobic bacteria and note it’s growth

The largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by red and blue light bc these areas had the most oxygen being released

If he did experiment without prism growth would be uniformly distributed

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18
Q

The action spectrum and absorption spectrum

A

Do not match of any one photosynthetic pigment including chlorophyll a

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19
Q

Photosystems

A

Acts like a light gathering “antenna complex” consisting of various molecules. It’s role is to harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyll

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20
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Where the reaction center is best at absorbing light with a 700 nm wavelength- why is called P700

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21
Q

Photosystem II

A

Where it is most sensitive to 680 nm

“P680”

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22
Q

The electron transport chain is located in the

A

Thylakoid membrane

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23
Q

Electron transport system molecules

A 
NADP+ 
Plastoquinone 
Two cytochromes 
Plastocyanin 
Ferredoxin
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24
Q

What do electron transport molecules do?

A

Specialize in coupled oxidation-reductions at specific energy levels to minimize energy loss in the energy transfers

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25
Two stages of photosynthesis
``` Light reactions (the photo part) And Calvin cycle (synthesis part) ```
26
How does NADP+, plastoquinone, two cytochromes. Plastocyanin, and ferredoxin convert the light energy in photons to chemical energy
Light energy is absorbed and funneled to reaction center chlorophyll a is used to excite electrons, release 02, reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ forming NADPH, Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
27
During the light reactions there are two possible routes for electron routes
Noncyclic | Cyclic
28
Noncyclic
Requires: photosystem 1, photosystem 2, ev trim transport system Inputs: water, light energy, energy transfer molecules, ADP and P, NADP+ Outputs: ATP, NADPH (reduced form), O2
29
NADP+ reductase
Used to reduce NADP+ in noncyclic light reactions
30
Cyclic electron flow
Requires: photosystem 1 and electron transport system Inputs: light energy Outputs: ATP (no NADPH MADE)
31
The light reactions provide
ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions
32
In a plant cell where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
Thylakoid membrane
33
In human cells where is ATP synthase
Mitochondria membrane
34
Where does the Calvin cycle occur
The stroma
35
What is the function of the Calvin cycle
To synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
36
Three different phases of the calvin Cycle
1. Carbon fixation phase 2. Reduction phase 3. Regeneration phase
37
Why is Calvin cycle called dark reaction
Does not require light
38
Carbon fixation phase
The first phase of the Calvin cycle Carbon dioxide enters the cell through the stomata, and it is accepted by RuBP (ribulose biphosphate - 5 carbon sugar) which the help of the enzyme rubisco (ribulose biphosphate carboxylase) The resulting 6 carbon sugar is split into two 3 carbon sugars
39
Reduction phase
The second phase of the Calvin cycle The 3 phosphogylcerate molecules are reduced and converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (GP3) via the utilization of ATP and NADH from the light reactions
40
Rubisco
Most abundant protein on earth
41
Regeneration phase
Some of the GP3 is used to make glucose, the rest to generate RuBP so that the cycle can fix more CO2 again
42
The Calvin cycle turns
6 times to make 1 glucose bc there are 6 carbons in sugar
43
The Calvin cycle does not
Produce any oxygen
44
RuBP
Ribulose 1.5 biphosphate Accepts carbon dioxide in photosynthesis
45
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating types
A and alpha. A cell secretes a factor that binds to alpha cells Alpha cells secrete alpha factor that binds to a cells
46
How do cells of different mating types locate each other?
They start secreting factors that go and bind to the opposite cell. When binding occurs it triggers signal transduction pathways which induces changes in the cells that lead to cell fusion. They form a new a/alpha cell in the case of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae
47
Signal transduction pathway
Induces changes in the cell that lead to cell fusion. Initiated by the binding or w a mating factor at the cell surface
48
Local signaling
cells communicate by direct contact
49
Local regulators
Signaling substances that are in the cytosol. They fuse through gap junctions and plasmodesmata and bind to receptors on target cells
50
Two types of local signaling
Paracrine | Synaptic
51
Paracrine signaling
Involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extra cellular fluid EXAMPLE: animal cells called zygotes secrete growth hormone to other cells cells get grow as a response
52
Synaptic signaling
Occurs in the animal nervous system. When a nerve cells releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell, such as a muscle or another nerve cell
53
Long Distance signaling
Endocrine signaling, specialized cells released hormones which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells that can recognize and response to the hormones
54
When is hormonal signaling important
Between cells that are greater distances apart
55
The three stages of cell signaling
1) signal reception 2) signal transduction 3) cellular response
56
Reception
A small signal molecule called a ligand that binds to another molecule, usually a larger one called a receptor protein l, causers the protein to change shape and initiated the signal transduction pathway.
57
Hydrophilic, water soluble substances
Cannot permeate the plasma membrane the only way they can get through is by binding to proteins in the plasma membrane
58
3 types of membrane receptors
1) G protein-coupled receptors 2) Receptor tyrosine kinases 3) ion channel receptors
59
G protein coupled receptors | GPCRs
Work with cytoplasmic G proteins. The G protein acts like an on off switch if GDP is bound to the G protein the G protein is inactive. The message is conveyed by phosphorylation. The G protein is activated, detaches, and binds to a enzyme Used in yeast mating, epiephrine, and neurotransmitters signal systems
60
Vibrio cholerae
Causes profuse diarrhea because it modifies a G protein involved in regulating the salt and water secretion. Vibrio cholerae is found in water it rea leases a toxin that binds to a G protein receptor. When salt concentrations increase water rushes into the intestine
61
Medicine
Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects bby influencing the structure of G proteins in the cell membrane Drugs= Ligands
62
Receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs) Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines Can trigger multiple pathways at once
63
Ligand gated ion channel
Important in the nervous system, they open or close in response to binding by specific signaling molecules regulating the flow of ions across the membrane When a signal molecules binds as a ligand to to the receptor the gate allows specific ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ through a channel in the receptor
64
Second messengers
Small non protein, water soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion -calcium ions are common second messengers
65
Plants that are low in calcium
Experience secret problems including poor response to signals of stress, drought, or cold
66
Intracellular Receptors
Some receptor proteins are intracellular and found in the cytosine or nucleus of target cells He: testosterone binds with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activated specific genes An chive hormone receptor complex can act as a transcription factor they control specific genes that are turned on to form mRNA.
67
Transduction
The signal is transmitted by a cascade of protein phosphorylations, each causing a conformation change in the phophorylated protein
68
Response
May occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus The final activated molecule may function as a transcription factor Regulates the synthesis of enzymes
69
Transcription factors
Control gene expression by Turing genes on or off in the nucleus to form mRNA.
70
Drugs
Designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone. They are designed to inhibit the transcription factor. If the transcription factor cannot be activated the cell can’t make proteins so it will die This prevents bacteria from growing= treatment of bacterial infections
71
Apoptosis
Cell death which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism growth or development Cell forms lobes and pop off into vesicles which are engulfed by other cells

Biology-181 (4 decks)

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