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Biology-181 > Chapters 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapters 10 & 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energy (solar) to chemical energy in food (carbs)

6CO2 + 12 H20 + light energy ==> C6H1206+ 602+6H20

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2
Q

Respiration

A

The conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy in ATP

C6H1206+ 602 ==> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

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3
Q

Autotroph

A

Produce their organic molecules from C02 and other inorganic raw materials
(Producers)

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4
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use light as the energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials

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5
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Harvest energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain energy by metabolizing molecules produced by other organisms and include decomposers

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7
Q

In photosynthesis water is the

A

Hydrogen and electron donor

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8
Q

What is used to split water molecules and what does it produces

A

Light energy is used to split water molecules and it forms 2H+, 2e-, and oxygen

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9
Q

Where is the hydrogen in carbs from

A

Water

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10
Q

Where does the carbon source used to make carbs from

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

The stroma

A

The central aqueous space of the chloroplast, two membranes surround it

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12
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membranous sacs in the stroma

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13
Q

Grana

A

Thylakoids are stacked into these columns

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14
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

Plots a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

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15
Q

Action spectrum

A

Measures change in some measure of photosynthetic activity

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16
Q

Pigments and wavelengths

A

Diff pigments absorb diff wavelengths

Chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue (420 nm)

Chlorophyll b and carotenoids absorb other ones that funnel energy to chlorophyll a

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17
Q

Engelmann experiment

A

To determine the relationship between wavelengths of light and the oxygen released during photosynthesis and which wavelength maximized photosynthesis he conducted this experiment::

1) place filament of algae in flask and expose it to light
2) place prism to split the light into all 7 wavelengths
3) add aerobic bacteria and note it’s growth

The largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by red and blue light bc these areas had the most oxygen being released

If he did experiment without prism growth would be uniformly distributed

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18
Q

The action spectrum and absorption spectrum

A

Do not match of any one photosynthetic pigment including chlorophyll a

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19
Q

Photosystems

A

Acts like a light gathering “antenna complex” consisting of various molecules. It’s role is to harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyll

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20
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Where the reaction center is best at absorbing light with a 700 nm wavelength- why is called P700

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21
Q

Photosystem II

A

Where it is most sensitive to 680 nm

“P680”

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22
Q

The electron transport chain is located in the

A

Thylakoid membrane

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23
Q

Electron transport system molecules

A 
NADP+ 
Plastoquinone 
Two cytochromes 
Plastocyanin 
Ferredoxin
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24
Q

What do electron transport molecules do?

A

Specialize in coupled oxidation-reductions at specific energy levels to minimize energy loss in the energy transfers

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25
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis

A 
Light reactions (the photo part) 
And Calvin cycle (synthesis part)
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26
Q

How does NADP+, plastoquinone, two cytochromes. Plastocyanin, and ferredoxin convert the light energy in photons to chemical energy

A

Light energy is absorbed and funneled to reaction center chlorophyll a is used to excite electrons, release 02, reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ forming NADPH,
Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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27
Q

During the light reactions there are two possible routes for electron routes

A

Noncyclic

Cyclic

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28
Q

Noncyclic

A

Requires: photosystem 1, photosystem 2, ev trim transport system

Inputs: water, light energy, energy transfer molecules, ADP and P, NADP+

Outputs: ATP, NADPH (reduced form), O2

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29
Q

NADP+ reductase

A

Used to reduce NADP+ in noncyclic light reactions

30
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

Requires: photosystem 1 and electron transport system

Inputs: light energy

Outputs: ATP (no NADPH MADE)

31
Q

The light reactions provide

A

ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions

32
Q

In a plant cell where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

A

Thylakoid membrane

33
Q

In human cells where is ATP synthase

A

Mitochondria membrane

34
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur

A

The stroma

35
Q

What is the function of the Calvin cycle

A

To synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

36
Q

Three different phases of the calvin Cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation phase
  2. Reduction phase
  3. Regeneration phase
37
Q

Why is Calvin cycle called dark reaction

A

Does not require light

38
Q

Carbon fixation phase

A

The first phase of the Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide enters the cell through the stomata, and it is accepted by RuBP (ribulose biphosphate - 5 carbon sugar) which the help of the enzyme rubisco (ribulose biphosphate carboxylase)

The resulting 6 carbon sugar is split into two 3 carbon sugars

39
Q

Reduction phase

A

The second phase of the Calvin cycle
The 3 phosphogylcerate molecules are reduced and converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (GP3) via the utilization of ATP and NADH from the light reactions

40
Q

Rubisco

A

Most abundant protein on earth

41
Q

Regeneration phase

A

Some of the GP3 is used to make glucose, the rest to generate RuBP so that the cycle can fix more CO2 again

42
Q

The Calvin cycle turns

A

6 times to make 1 glucose bc there are 6 carbons in sugar

43
Q

The Calvin cycle does not

A

Produce any oxygen

44
Q

RuBP

A

Ribulose 1.5 biphosphate

Accepts carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

45
Q

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating types

A

A and alpha.

A cell secretes a factor that binds to alpha cells

Alpha cells secrete alpha factor that binds to a cells

46
Q

How do cells of different mating types locate each other?

A

They start secreting factors that go and bind to the opposite cell. When binding occurs it triggers signal transduction pathways which induces changes in the cells that lead to cell fusion. They form a new a/alpha cell in the case of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae

47
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Induces changes in the cell that lead to cell fusion. Initiated by the binding or w a mating factor at the cell surface

48
Q

Local signaling

A

cells communicate by direct contact

49
Q

Local regulators

A

Signaling substances that are in the cytosol. They fuse through gap junctions and plasmodesmata and bind to receptors on target cells

50
Q

Two types of local signaling

A

Paracrine

Synaptic

51
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extra cellular fluid

EXAMPLE: animal cells called zygotes secrete growth hormone to other cells cells get grow as a response

52
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Occurs in the animal nervous system. When a nerve cells releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell, such as a muscle or another nerve cell

53
Q

Long Distance signaling

A

Endocrine signaling, specialized cells released hormones which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells that can recognize and response to the hormones

54
Q

When is hormonal signaling important

A

Between cells that are greater distances apart

55
Q

The three stages of cell signaling

A

1) signal reception
2) signal transduction
3) cellular response

56
Q

Reception

A

A small signal molecule called a ligand that binds to another molecule, usually a larger one called a receptor protein l, causers the protein to change shape and initiated the signal transduction pathway.

57
Q

Hydrophilic, water soluble substances

A

Cannot permeate the plasma membrane the only way they can get through is by binding to proteins in the plasma membrane

58
Q

3 types of membrane receptors

A

1) G protein-coupled receptors
2) Receptor tyrosine kinases
3) ion channel receptors

59
Q

G protein coupled receptors

GPCRs

A

Work with cytoplasmic G proteins. The G protein acts like an on off switch if GDP is bound to the G protein the G protein is inactive. The message is conveyed by phosphorylation. The G protein is activated, detaches, and binds to a enzyme

Used in yeast mating, epiephrine, and neurotransmitters signal systems

60
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Causes profuse diarrhea because it modifies a G protein involved in regulating the salt and water secretion. Vibrio cholerae is found in water it rea leases a toxin that binds to a G protein receptor. When salt concentrations increase water rushes into the intestine

61
Q

Medicine

A

Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects bby influencing the structure of G proteins in the cell membrane

Drugs= Ligands

62
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

(RTKs)

Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines

Can trigger multiple pathways at once

63
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A

Important in the nervous system, they open or close in response to binding by specific signaling molecules regulating the flow of ions across the membrane

When a signal molecules binds as a ligand to to the receptor the gate allows specific ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ through a channel in the receptor

64
Q

Second messengers

A

Small non protein, water soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion

-calcium ions are common second messengers

65
Q

Plants that are low in calcium

A

Experience secret problems including poor response to signals of stress, drought, or cold

66
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Some receptor proteins are intracellular and found in the cytosine or nucleus of target cells

He: testosterone binds with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activated specific genes

An chive hormone receptor complex can act as a transcription factor they control specific genes that are turned on to form mRNA.

67
Q

Transduction

A

The signal is transmitted by a cascade of protein phosphorylations, each causing a conformation change in the phophorylated protein

68
Q

Response

A

May occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus

The final activated molecule may function as a transcription factor

Regulates the synthesis of enzymes

69
Q

Transcription factors

A

Control gene expression by Turing genes on or off in the nucleus to form mRNA.

70
Q

Drugs

A

Designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone. They are designed to inhibit the transcription factor. If the transcription factor cannot be activated the cell can’t make proteins so it will die

This prevents bacteria from growing= treatment of bacterial infections

71
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism growth or development

Cell forms lobes and pop off into vesicles which are engulfed by other cells

Biology-181 (4 decks)

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