Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology-181 > Chapter 1-5 Quiz Material > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Quiz Material Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific method

A 
Observation
Hypothesis 
Experiments
Analysis 
Conclusion 
Communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Experimental group

A

The group that receives the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Control group

A

The group that doesn’t receive the treatment this is to ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Independent variable

A

The Variable the the experimenter changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dependent variable

A

Affected by the change in the independent variable

It is the variable that is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tis the hierarchy

A 
Biosphere 
Ecosystems 
Communities 
Populations 
Organisms 
Organs 
Tissues
Cells 
Organelles 
Molecules 
Atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biosphere

A

All the life on earth and all the places life exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ecosystems

A

All the living things in a particular area along w the non living components of the environment with which life interacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Communities

A

The array of organism inhabiting a particular ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Populations

A

All of the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Organs

A

A body part made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cells

A

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Organelles

A

The various components present in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Molecules

A

A chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tis the second hierarchy

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species

KPCOFGS

Krabby patties could overrun freaking gas spifs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Essential elements in living matter

A

HONC

HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
CARBON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Elements

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Octet rule

A

Determines the number of electrons in each electron shell level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are the chemical properties of an atom determined

A

By the number of electrons in the outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attractions between molecules atoms and ions that result in formation of chemical compounds or molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Covalent bonds

A

In covalent bonds, outer shell electrons of two atoms are shared as to satisfactorily fill the outer shells of both atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Electronegativity
An atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
26
Non polar covalent bond
Electrons shared equally
27
Polar covalent bond
One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom and the atoms do not share equally
28
Ionic bond
Atoms donate or received electrons from other atoms
29
An atom loses electron
Cation
30
Atoms gains electron
Anion
31
Hydrogen bonds
Form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
32
Van der waals interactions
Many weak interactions caused by momentary changes in electron density in a molecules Hot spots of pos or neg charge
33
Hydrogen and ionic bonds
Are weak but play an important role in giving shape to large molecules and helping molecules adhere to one another
34
Chemical reactions
Bonds are broken and reformed leading to new arrangements of atoms The rate of formation of products is the same as the rate of breakdown of product is and the system is at chemical equilibrium
35
Water molecule is polar or no polar
Polar Uneven distribution of electron density The oxygen is more electronegative The two hydrogen have partial pos charge
36
What kind of bond is water molecules held together by
Polar Covalent
37
Hydrogen bonding of water
Between the h and o of water molecules 1. Cohesion and adhesion 2. Surface tension 3. High specific heat
38
Cohesion
Water sticks to water
39
Adhesion
Water sticks to other things
40
High specific heat of water
Absorption of heat when hydrogen bonds break and release heat when hydrogen bonds form
41
Water reaches its highest density at
4° C
42
Hydrophilic
``` Affinity for water Polar compounds (proteins and sugars) ```
43
Hydrophobic
No affinity for water Nonpolar Oil Cell membrane
44
Buffer
Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
45
Organic chemistry
Study of carbon compounds
46
Four types of carbon compounds
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid
47
Reason for molecular diversity
Carbon can bond to four other atoms making a large variety of molecules possible
48
-ANE
Single bonds
49
Ene
Double bonds
50
Hydrocarbons
Molecules that are combinations of carbon and hydrogen | They are nonpolar so they are hydrophobic and not so liable in water
51
Isomers
Compounds w the same molecular toenail but different structures and properties
52
Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of each other
53
Functional groups | Definition
Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions They give organic molecules distinctive properties They affect reactivity and make hydrocarbons hydrophilic and increase solubility in h20
54
Functional group names
``` Hydroxyl Amino Carbonyl Carboxyl Methyl Sulfhydryl Phosphate ```
55
Hydroxyl
-OH OR HO- Compound name: alcohol Names typically end in -ol Polar due to electronegative oxygen
56
Carbonyl
C==O Oxygen double bonded to carbon If c==o is at the end of molecule it is an Aldehyde If c==o is at the middle it is a ketone
57
Ketoses
Sugars w ketone groups
58
Carboxyl
(-COOH) A carbon double bonded to O and a single bonded OH Compound names: carboxylic acid, organic acid
59
Amino
(-NH2) acts as a base Form amino acids when they have both amino and carboxyl groups Compound name: amine
60
Sulfhydryl
(-SH OR HS-) Compound name: Thiol Two -SH groups can react forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure
61
Phosphate
``` (-OPO3^2-) Phosphate bound to 4 oxygen. Lots of oxygen makes this very reactive Transfers energy between molecules through ATP and GTP ACTS AS ACID COMPOUND NAME: organic phosphate ```
62
Methyl
(-CH3) Affects expression of genes and the shape and function of sex hormones Compound name: Methylated compound
63
Four major classes of macromolecules
Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
64
Dehydration reaction
Also called condensation reaction Monomers are connected by covalent bonds in this reaction. One monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides hydrogen and together these form water. Dehydration removes a water molecule which connects and forms a new bond in its place
65
Hydrolysis
The covalent bonds that connect monomers are disassembled by this reaction Polymer splits in the presence of water Hydrolysis adds a water molecule which breaks the bond
66
CARBOHYDRATES
Examples: sugars, starches, cellulose Monomers: monosaccharides Polymers: polysaccharides Bonds: glycosidic linkage /covalent bonds Functional group: CH20 Structure: H-C-OH AND C==O (a carbonyl and multiple hydroxyl) Properties: alpha glucose- digestible bc the hydroxyl group is attached to the bottom Beta glucose is indigestible because hydroxyl is above the ring plane
67
LIPIDS
Examples: fats, phospholipids, steroids Monomers of fats: glycerol and fatty acids Polymers: fats, phospholipids, steroids Linkages/bond: fatty acids join to glycerol by ester linkages (nonpolar covalent bonds and hydrophobic) Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl Properties: hydrophobic
68
Proteins
Examples; enzymes, hemoglobin, growth hormones Monomers: amino acids Polymer: polypeptide chain Functional group: carboxyl and amine Bonds: peptide bonds which are covalent Structure: a central carbon an amino group and a carboxyl group (acid) Properties: determined by r group I think hydrophobic
69
Nucleic acid
``` Examples: DNA RNA monomers: nucelotides Polymers: dna and rna Bonds: phosphodiester covalent bonds DNA bonds nucelotides w hydrogen bonds Functional groups: phosphate group, Used for genetic info and stores info ```
70
Purines
Double ring nitrogen base | Adenine and guanine
71
Pyrimidines
Single ring nitrogen base | Cytosine, uracil, thymine

Biology-181 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions