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Biology-181 > Chapter 1-5 Quiz Material > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 Quiz Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific method

A 
Observation
Hypothesis 
Experiments
Analysis 
Conclusion 
Communication
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2
Q

Experimental group

A

The group that receives the treatment

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3
Q

Control group

A

The group that doesn’t receive the treatment this is to ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

The Variable the the experimenter changes

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5
Q

Dependent variable

A

Affected by the change in the independent variable

It is the variable that is measured

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6
Q

tis the hierarchy

A 
Biosphere 
Ecosystems 
Communities 
Populations 
Organisms 
Organs 
Tissues
Cells 
Organelles 
Molecules 
Atoms
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7
Q

Biosphere

A

All the life on earth and all the places life exists

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8
Q

Ecosystems

A

All the living things in a particular area along w the non living components of the environment with which life interacts

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9
Q

Communities

A

The array of organism inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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10
Q

Populations

A

All of the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

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11
Q

Organs

A

A body part made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

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12
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function

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13
Q

Cells

A

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

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14
Q

Organelles

A

The various components present in cells

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15
Q

Molecules

A

A chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

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16
Q

Tis the second hierarchy

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species

KPCOFGS

Krabby patties could overrun freaking gas spifs

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17
Q

Essential elements in living matter

A

HONC

HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
CARBON

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18
Q

Elements

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

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19
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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20
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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21
Q

The Octet rule

A

Determines the number of electrons in each electron shell level

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22
Q

How are the chemical properties of an atom determined

A

By the number of electrons in the outer shell

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23
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attractions between molecules atoms and ions that result in formation of chemical compounds or molecules

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24
Q

Covalent bonds

A

In covalent bonds, outer shell electrons of two atoms are shared as to satisfactorily fill the outer shells of both atoms

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25
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

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26
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Electrons shared equally

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27
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom and the atoms do not share equally

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28
Q

Ionic bond

A

Atoms donate or received electrons from other atoms

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29
Q

An atom loses electron

A

Cation

30
Q

Atoms gains electron

A

Anion

31
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

32
Q

Van der waals interactions

A

Many weak interactions caused by momentary changes in electron density in a molecules

Hot spots of pos or neg charge

33
Q

Hydrogen and ionic bonds

A

Are weak but play an important role in giving shape to large molecules and helping molecules adhere to one another

34
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Bonds are broken and reformed leading to new arrangements of atoms
The rate of formation of products is the same as the rate of breakdown of product is and the system is at chemical equilibrium

35
Q

Water molecule is polar or no polar

A

Polar
Uneven distribution of electron density
The oxygen is more electronegative
The two hydrogen have partial pos charge

36
Q

What kind of bond is water molecules held together by

A

Polar Covalent

37
Q

Hydrogen bonding of water

A

Between the h and o of water molecules

  1. Cohesion and adhesion
  2. Surface tension
  3. High specific heat
38
Q

Cohesion

A

Water sticks to water

39
Q

Adhesion

A

Water sticks to other things

40
Q

High specific heat of water

A

Absorption of heat when hydrogen bonds break and release heat when hydrogen bonds form

41
Q

Water reaches its highest density at

A

4° C

42
Q

Hydrophilic

A 
Affinity for water 
Polar compounds (proteins and sugars)
43
Q

Hydrophobic

A

No affinity for water
Nonpolar
Oil
Cell membrane

44
Q

Buffer

A

Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

45
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Study of carbon compounds

46
Q

Four types of carbon compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

47
Q

Reason for molecular diversity

A

Carbon can bond to four other atoms making a large variety of molecules possible

48
Q

-ANE

A

Single bonds

49
Q

Ene

A

Double bonds

50
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that are combinations of carbon and hydrogen

They are nonpolar so they are hydrophobic and not so liable in water

51
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds w the same molecular toenail but different structures and properties

52
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

53
Q

Functional groups

Definition

A

Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions
They give organic molecules distinctive properties
They affect reactivity and make hydrocarbons hydrophilic and increase solubility in h20

54
Q

Functional group names

A 
Hydroxyl 
Amino 
Carbonyl
Carboxyl 
Methyl 
Sulfhydryl 
Phosphate
55
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH OR HO-
Compound name: alcohol
Names typically end in -ol
Polar due to electronegative oxygen

56
Q

Carbonyl

A

C==O
Oxygen double bonded to carbon
If c==o is at the end of molecule it is an Aldehyde
If c==o is at the middle it is a ketone

57
Q

Ketoses

A

Sugars w ketone groups

58
Q

Carboxyl

A

(-COOH)
A carbon double bonded to O and a single bonded OH
Compound names: carboxylic acid, organic acid

59
Q

Amino

A

(-NH2) acts as a base
Form amino acids when they have both amino and carboxyl groups
Compound name: amine

60
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

(-SH OR HS-)
Compound name: Thiol
Two -SH groups can react forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure

61
Q

Phosphate

A 
(-OPO3^2-) 
Phosphate bound to 4 oxygen. 
Lots of oxygen makes this very reactive 
Transfers energy between molecules through ATP and GTP 
ACTS AS ACID 
COMPOUND NAME: organic phosphate
62
Q

Methyl

A

(-CH3)
Affects expression of genes and the shape and function of sex hormones
Compound name: Methylated compound

63
Q

Four major classes of macromolecules

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

64
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Also called condensation reaction
Monomers are connected by covalent bonds in this reaction.
One monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides hydrogen and together these form water.
Dehydration removes a water molecule which connects and forms a new bond in its place

65
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The covalent bonds that connect monomers are disassembled by this reaction
Polymer splits in the presence of water
Hydrolysis adds a water molecule which breaks the bond

66
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

A

Examples: sugars, starches, cellulose
Monomers: monosaccharides
Polymers: polysaccharides
Bonds: glycosidic linkage /covalent bonds
Functional group: CH20
Structure: H-C-OH AND C==O (a carbonyl and multiple hydroxyl)
Properties: alpha glucose- digestible bc the hydroxyl group is attached to the bottom
Beta glucose is indigestible because hydroxyl is above the ring plane

67
Q

LIPIDS

A

Examples: fats, phospholipids, steroids
Monomers of fats: glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers: fats, phospholipids, steroids
Linkages/bond: fatty acids join to glycerol by ester linkages (nonpolar covalent bonds and hydrophobic)
Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl
Properties: hydrophobic

68
Q

Proteins

A

Examples; enzymes, hemoglobin, growth hormones
Monomers: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptide chain
Functional group: carboxyl and amine
Bonds: peptide bonds which are covalent
Structure: a central carbon an amino group and a carboxyl group (acid)
Properties: determined by r group I think hydrophobic

69
Q

Nucleic acid

A 
Examples: DNA RNA 
monomers: nucelotides 
Polymers: dna and rna 
Bonds: phosphodiester covalent bonds DNA bonds nucelotides w hydrogen bonds 
Functional groups: phosphate group, 
Used for genetic info and stores info
70
Q

Purines

A

Double ring nitrogen base

Adenine and guanine

71
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single ring nitrogen base

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

Biology-181 (4 decks)

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