Exam 1

Question 1

Species concept that is “reproductively isolated” from other groups.

Answer 1

Biological species

Question 2

Ecological species

Answer 2

Set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment.

Question 3

Speciation

Answer 3

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Question 4

a scheme of classification or the classification of something

Answer 4

taxonomy

Question 5

A more specific grouping

Answer 5

classification

Question 6

deals with classification and nomenclature in taxonomy

Answer 6

systematics

Question 7

Refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms

Answer 7

Phylogeny

Question 8

List the major taxonomic categories from the most to least inclusive.

Answer 8

Question 9

Allopatric speciation

Answer 9

Allopatric speciation occurs when populations of a species are separated by a physical barrier - this could be a river for animals that cannot swim, for example. Separation of the populations means that there is very low or no gene flow between them - the proportion of different genotypes in each population is therefore able to change independently of the other (there’s no mixing up of genes between the two populations). Over time, these changes may be so drastic that the populations become unable or unwilling to breed with each other, and could therefore be described as a pair of species.

Question 10

Sympatric speciation

Answer 10

Sympatric speciation occurs without a physical barrier to gene flow. This is more common in plant species - plants can mutate in a way which results in them producing offspring with double or even quadruple the number of chromosomes they normally do.

The sex cells (sperm and eggs) produced by these individuals cannot fuse with sex cells from a “normal” plant - the plants with unusually high numbers of chromosomes therefore become isolated gentically from the “normal” plants, even though they may be growing right next to each other. This genetic isolation results in the two types of plants developing into species due to lack of gene flow and independent changes in the genotypes of plant populations.

Question 11

_____ is the splitting of an ancestral species into several, new species. The main difference between _____ and _____ is that _____ is a type of phyletic evolution, which occurs only within a single species whereas _____ is a type of branching evolution.

Answer 11

Cladogenesis is the splitting of an ancestral species into several, new species. The main difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis is that anagenesis is a type of phyletic evolution, which occurs only within a single species whereas cladogenesis is a type of branching evolution.

Question 12

These types of structures are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor.

Answer 12

Homologous structures

Question 13

These types of structures are similar in unrelated organisms. They evolved to do the same job.

Answer 13

Analogous structures

Question 14

the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.

Answer 14

Convergent evolution

Question 15

the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of new species. Typically occurs when populations become separated by a geographic barrier.

Answer 15

Divergent evolution

Question 16

when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution

Answer 16

Homoplasy

Question 17

_____ organisms are the one who appeared early on earth and have simpler structures and body plans than the advanced organisms.

_____ organisms are complex and have acquired new features morphologically and anatomically by evolution from simpler organisms to better adapt the changing environmental conditions.

Answer 17

Primitive

Advanced

Question 18

Apomorphy v. Plesiomorphy

Answer 18

Both refer to traits.

Apomorphy means a specialized or derived trait.

Plesiomorphy refers to a primitive or ancestral trait.

Question 19

Autapomorphy v. Synapomorphy

Answer 19

Both deal with traits.

Autapomorphy is a derived trait unique to one group.

Synapomorphy is a derived trait shared by two or more groups.

Question 20

A shared primitive trait.

Answer 20

Symplesiomorphy

Question 21

Monophyletic

Paraphyletic

Polyphyletic

Answer 21

a monophyletic taxon is defined as one that includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms, and all of its descendants

a paraphyletic taxon as one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendants

A polyphyletic taxon is defined as one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon

Question 22

How does binomial nomenclature work?

Answer 22

The first part of a scientific name is called the genus. A genus is typically the name for a small group of closely related organisms.

The second part of a scientific name, axyridis in this example, is the specific epithet. It is used to identify a particular species as separate from others belonging to the same genus.

Together, the genus plus the specific epithet is the full scientific name for an organism.

Question 23

List the 3 Domains

Answer 23

Eukarya

Archaea

Bacteria

Question 24

5 Kingdom System

Answer 24

The five kingdom system is the most common way of grouping living things based on simple distinctive characteristics.

Living things can be classified into five major kingdoms:

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)