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Diversity of Life > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

How do guard cells act around the stomata?

A

When turgid they swell and open. When flaccid they relax and close.

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2
Q

Where does secondary (lateral) growth come from?

A

Vascular cambium. Production of secondary xylem on inside and secondary phloem on outside of the vascular cambium ring cells.

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3
Q

What is included in bark?

A

All tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.

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4
Q

How does wood form?

A

As secondary growth continues over the years, layer upon layer of secondary xylem accumulates.

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5
Q

What is lignin?

A

Coating of xylem that gives wood its hardness and protection.

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6
Q

What are the two zones of secondary xylem?

A

Heartwood (doesn’t conduct water but is central column that supports tree) and Sapwood (upward transport of water and minerals by xylem sap)

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7
Q

What are the 3 basic kinds of plant organs?

A

Roots (underground) and stems and leaves (shoots above ground)

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8
Q

What’s the importance of roots and shoots (stems/leaves) systems?

A

Roots are underground and is where plants get water and nutrients. Shoots are above ground and is where the plant gets CO2 and light energy.

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9
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

It causes the plant to grow taller at the apical bud instead of wider to increase the plant’s exposure to sunlight.

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10
Q

What are key differences between monocots and eudicots?

A

1) Monocots have fibrous roots; eudicots have a taproot system 2) Monocots have one cotyledon; Eudicots have two (first leaves that come out of the embryo) 3) Monocots have parallel veins on leaves; Eudicots have netlike veins 4) Monocots have vascular bundles on stems are scattered; Eudicots bundles are in a ring 5) Monocots have one pollen grain opening; Eudicots have three 6) Monocots petal # divisible by 3; Eudicot petal # divisible by 4 or 5

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11
Q

Root hairs are extensions of what?

A

Individual epidermal cells

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12
Q

What are stolons?

A

Runners or above ground horizontal stems

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13
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Horizontal underground stems

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14
Q

What are tubers?

A

The ends of rhizomes

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15
Q

Apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots that provide for vertical growth.

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16
Q

Stomata

A

Pores on leaves and organs that allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Also major sites for water to leave during evaporation.

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17
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxed coating on leaves to prevent water loss and act as protection.

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18
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue from dead cells that flows up to carry water and minerals from high pressure at bottom to low pressure at top during evapotranspiration.

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19
Q

Phloem

A

Consists of sieve tubes and companion cells that are alive and transport sugar from sugar source to sugar sink.

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20
Q

Why are tracheids, fiber cells, and vessel elements important?

A

Support and water transport

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21
Q

What are the three basic types of cells in nonmeristematic tissues?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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22
Q

Are parenchyma cells living or dead? Have primary walls or secondary walls?

A

Living, with thin and flexible primary walls.

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23
Q

What’s the movement of sugars through sieve-tube members by active transport?

A

Translocation

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24
Q

When the leaf stomata used for gas exchange, including water vapor and that creates a pressure gradient which pulls in more water.

A

Transpiration

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25
Q

Are collenchyma living or dead? Have primary walls or secondary walls?

A

Living, with unevenly thickened primary cell walls

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26
Q

Are schlerenchyma cells living or dead? Have primary walls or secondary walls?

A

Dead, with primary and thickened secondary cell walls strengthened by lignin

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27
Q

Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem that function for both support and transport are what kind of cells?

A

Schlerenchyma

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28
Q

What are the three types of primary meristems? P-P-G

A

Protoderm, Procambium, Ground meristem

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29
Q

What primary meristem produces the outer epidermis to stems and roots?

A

Protoderm

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30
Q

What type of primary meristem produces the vascular tissues in stems and roots?

A

Procambium

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31
Q

What type of primary meristems produce the ground tissues of stems and roots?

A

Ground meristems

32
Q

What is responsible for the secondary (outward) growth in plants?

A

Lateral meristems

33
Q

Other than meristematic tissue, plant organs are compose of what three basic kinds of NON-meristematic tissue?

A

Dermal tissue, Vascular tissue, Ground tissue

34
Q

How can plants respond to the loss of various parts due to disease, weather, or predators?

A

They regrow the parts because they are modular organisms that have indeterminate growth.

35
Q

In stems, what does the cork and cork cambium form?

A

Periderm

36
Q

The vascular cambium and cork cambium are what type of meristems?

A

Lateral meristems

37
Q

Layers upon layers of scondary xylem form over time and harden to produce what tough tissue?

A

Wood

38
Q

What produces cork cells and secondary cortex cells?

A

Cork cambium

39
Q

What does the periderm along with the secondary phloem form?

A

Bark

40
Q

What cells have large amounts of waxy materials that act as a physical barrier to damage in trees?

A

Cork

41
Q

What’s the outer skin of the plant?

A

Epidermis

42
Q

What waxy substance forms the cuticle, which helps the shoot system retain water?

A

Cutin

43
Q

What is the portion of the stem from which leaves and buds and branches arise?

A

Nodes

44
Q

What is the portion of the stem that lies between two nodes?

A

Internode

45
Q

What are slightly raised circular or elongated slit-like structures on the bark of young woody twigs that function in gas exchange?

A

Lenticels

46
Q

These types of sclerenchyma cells are specialized entirely for support.

A

Fibers and sclereids

47
Q

These cells assist sieve-tube members in maintaining cell metabolism and function.

A

Companion cells

48
Q

Xylem and Phloem. Living or dead?

A

Xylem are dead cells and Phloem are living cells

49
Q

What cells make up a phloem tube and are attached to companion cells?

A

Sieve-tube members

50
Q
A
51
Q

_____ are long, thin xylem cells with tapered ends; _____ are generally wider, shorter, thinner-walled and less tapered xylem cells.

A

Tracheids; Vessel elements

52
Q

These cells are produced from the vascular cambium as complete rings or cylinders of conducting tissue.

A

Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

53
Q

Buds found at the tips of stems

A

Apical (terminal) buds

54
Q

Buds found in the axils of leaves at the nodes

A

Axillary (lateral) buds

55
Q

What consists of the primary xylem, primary phloem, and vascular cambium?

A

Vascular tissue

56
Q

Multi-layered, complex tissue that originates from the ground meristem.

A

Cortex

57
Q

Annual rings of the xylem are composed of this

A

Spring wood and summer wood

58
Q

Small hairs extending from the epidermis that function for water absorption, defense, or light reflection

A

Trichomes

59
Q

Lighter streaks of parenchyma cells radiating outward fromthe center of the trunk, across the annual rings. They allow the lateral conduction of water and nutrients across the stem.

A

Rays

60
Q

Stems consisting of a collection of modified leaves surrounding a short stem, like that of the onion

A

Bulbs

61
Q

The thin, flattened, photosynthetic part of the leaf

A

Blade

62
Q

The stem-like stalk of a leaf that attaches the blade to the node

A

Petiole

63
Q

Where one or more layers of elongated photosynthetic parenchyma cells lie adjacent to the epidermis on the top part of the leaf

A

Palisade mesophyll (parenchyma)

64
Q

The loosely organized photosynthetic parenchyma cells between the palisade mesophyll and the epidermis on the bottom part of the leaf

A

Spongy mesophyll (parenchyma)

65
Q

The process of leaf shedding that deciduous plants go through

A

Abscission

66
Q

The first of the vegetative organs to emerge from the germinating seed

A

primary root

67
Q

Root system with large primary root and many smaller lateral roots

A

tap root

68
Q

Root system with no distinct tap root

A

Fibrous

69
Q

The innermost layer of cortex cells characterized by Casparian strips on their transverse and radial walls

A

endodermis

70
Q

Area of cell wall that has been secondarily thickened with lignin and waterproofed with suberin

A

Casparian strip

71
Q

Waxy material impervious to water and dissolved minerals that waterproofs the Casparian strip

A

suberin

72
Q

Layer of cells derived from the procambium that are just inside the endodermis. They’re relatively unspecialized parenchyma cells that retain a potential to undergo cell division.

A

pericycle

73
Q

Central region consisting of parenchyma cells in monocot roots

A

pith

74
Q

The central part of the root that includes all tissues inside the cortex, including the pith in monocots

A

stele

75
Q

The outermost layer of cortex cells

A

hypodermis (exodermis)

76
Q

Underground stems used for food storage

A

corms

77
Q

Porous end walls between cells along the length of the sieve tube, allowing unimpeded movement from one cell to the next

A

sieve plates

Diversity of Life (5 decks)

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