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E&M Cardiac > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What level is the base of the heart located?

A

2nd rib

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2
Q

What level is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th ICS/MCL

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3
Q

What is the outer wall of the pericardium known as?

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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4
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

anchors heart to chest wall and diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the inner wall of the pericardium known as?

A

Serous Pericardium

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6
Q

What 2 layers consist of the Serous pericardium?

A

Parietal and Visceral

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7
Q

What condition is known as infection and fluid build up in the pericardial sac?

A

Pericarditis

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8
Q

What beat is consistent of closure of the AV valves

A

S1

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9
Q

What beat is consistent of closure of the aortic/pulmonic valves?

A

S2

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10
Q

What condition is known as narrowing, stiffness, or thickening - reducing blood flow?

A

Stenosis

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11
Q

What condition is known as back flow due to improper valve closure?

A

Regurgitation

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12
Q

What condition is known as valve inverts due to size and chord tendinae rupture/stretch

A

Prolapse

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13
Q

What law is known as the amount of blood flow pumped out of the heart is dependent upon the amount of blood flowing into the right heart?

A

Starling Law

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14
Q

What kind of cells are specialized tissue able to generate or conduct an electrical impulse?

A

Pacemaker cells

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15
Q

What kind of cells able to contract when electrically stimulated; do not normally generate an impulse on their own?

A

Myocardial cells

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16
Q

What is the outcome when cell is at rest, membrane becomes more permeable to Na+/K+ that enter cell?

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

What is it called when cells will not respond to a stimulus?

A

Absolute refractory period

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18
Q

What is it called when cells will respond to a stronger than normal stimulus?

A

Relative refractory period

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19
Q

What is it called when cells will respond to a weaker than normal stimulus?

A

Supernormal period

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20
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Anterior to SVC posterior portion of Right atrium

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21
Q

What is the blood supply to the Bundle of HIS?

A

LAD artery

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22
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

behind the tricuspid valve near the opening of the coronary sinus

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23
Q

What is the blood supply to the AV node?

A

Right coronary artery

24
Q

What is it called when non-pacemaking cardiac cells begin to depolarize spontaneously?

A

Enhanced Automacity

25
Q

What info does the EKG NOT provide?

A

Mechanical contractile condition

26
Q

T/F: no lead views the posterior surface

A

True

27
Q

What kind of Leads are Bipolar?

A

Standard Leads

28
Q

What kind of Leads are Unipolar?

A

Augmented Leads

29
Q

What consists of the Standard Leads?

A

I: + on Left arm, 0 degrees
II: + on Left leg, 60 degrees
III: + on Left leg, 120 degrees

30
Q

What consists of the Augmented Leads?

A

aVR: + on right arm, -150 degrees
aVL: + on left arm, - 30 degrees
aVF: + on left leg, 90 degrees

31
Q

T/F: Activation of the SA node occurs before the P wave and is not recorded on the EKG

A

True

32
Q

What happens during the upslope of the P-wave?

A

stimulation of the right atrium and AV node

33
Q

What happens during the downslope of the P-Wave?

A

stimulation of the left atrium

34
Q

What happens to the heart during the entire P-wave?

A

Atrial depolarization and contraction

35
Q

What is the upper limit of The P-wave height? Length?

A

Height: 2.5mm
Length: .11s

36
Q

What leads is the P-wave NOT positive?

A

aVR, aVL, V1

37
Q

What happens during the entire QRS complex? What is considered abnormal QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization and Atrial repolarization

Abnormal: >0.12s (>3 boxes)

38
Q

What happens during the Q wave of the QRS complex?

A

depolarization of the interventricular septum

39
Q

What happens during the R wave of the QRS complex?

A

Depolarization of the ventricles; always positive

40
Q

What happens during the S wave during the QRS complex?

A

Depolarization of the ventricles

41
Q

What happens during the entire T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

42
Q

What is the upward slope of the T wave?

A

absolute refractory period (cells will not respond to stimuli)

43
Q

What is the downward slope of the T wave?

A

Relative refractory period (cells will respond to stronger than normal stimulus?

44
Q

What is the upper limit in height of the T wave in LIMB leads? Chest leads?

A

Limbs: 5mm
Chest: 10mm

45
Q

What is the normal length for the P-R interval?

A

0.12-0.2s (3-5 boxes)

46
Q

What does the Q-T interval represent?

A

Total ventricular activity from depolarization to repolarization

47
Q

What finding represents Sinus Bradycardia?

A

<60bpm

48
Q

What is considered mild sinus bradycardia?

A

50-59bpm, asymptomatic

49
Q

What is considered marked sinus bradycardia?

A

35-45bpm, symptomatic

50
Q

What finding represents Sinus Tachycardia?

A

100-180bpm

51
Q

What is associated with Sinus arrhythmia?

A

changes in intrathoracic pressure

52
Q

What happens in Sinus Arrest?

A

SA node fails to fire

53
Q

What happens with Premature Junctional Contractions?

A

AV node fires before SA node

54
Q

What happens with Premature Ventricular Contractions?

A

QRS complex is very wide (more than 0.12s).

55
Q

Which segment of the EKG consists of activation of the AV node, Bundle of HIS, and purkinje fibers

A

P-R segment

56
Q

Which segment is is the true isoelectric interval of the graph?

A

T-P segment

57
Q

What is the condition if the S-T segment is elevated? Depressed?

A

Elevated: acute injury
Depressed: ischemia

E&M Cardiac (9 decks)

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