Exam 1 Flashcards
What level is the base of the heart located?
2nd rib
What level is the apex of the heart located?
5th ICS/MCL
What is the outer wall of the pericardium known as?
Fibrous Pericardium
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
anchors heart to chest wall and diaphragm
What is the inner wall of the pericardium known as?
Serous Pericardium
What 2 layers consist of the Serous pericardium?
Parietal and Visceral
What condition is known as infection and fluid build up in the pericardial sac?
Pericarditis
What beat is consistent of closure of the AV valves
S1
What beat is consistent of closure of the aortic/pulmonic valves?
S2
What condition is known as narrowing, stiffness, or thickening - reducing blood flow?
Stenosis
What condition is known as back flow due to improper valve closure?
Regurgitation
What condition is known as valve inverts due to size and chord tendinae rupture/stretch
Prolapse
What law is known as the amount of blood flow pumped out of the heart is dependent upon the amount of blood flowing into the right heart?
Starling Law
What kind of cells are specialized tissue able to generate or conduct an electrical impulse?
Pacemaker cells
What kind of cells able to contract when electrically stimulated; do not normally generate an impulse on their own?
Myocardial cells
What is the outcome when cell is at rest, membrane becomes more permeable to Na+/K+ that enter cell?
Depolarization
What is it called when cells will not respond to a stimulus?
Absolute refractory period
What is it called when cells will respond to a stronger than normal stimulus?
Relative refractory period
What is it called when cells will respond to a weaker than normal stimulus?
Supernormal period
Where is the SA node located?
Anterior to SVC posterior portion of Right atrium
What is the blood supply to the Bundle of HIS?
LAD artery
Where is the AV node located?
behind the tricuspid valve near the opening of the coronary sinus
What is the blood supply to the AV node?
Right coronary artery
What is it called when non-pacemaking cardiac cells begin to depolarize spontaneously?
Enhanced Automacity
What info does the EKG NOT provide?
Mechanical contractile condition
T/F: no lead views the posterior surface
True
What kind of Leads are Bipolar?
Standard Leads
What kind of Leads are Unipolar?
Augmented Leads
What consists of the Standard Leads?
I: + on Left arm, 0 degrees
II: + on Left leg, 60 degrees
III: + on Left leg, 120 degrees
What consists of the Augmented Leads?
aVR: + on right arm, -150 degrees
aVL: + on left arm, - 30 degrees
aVF: + on left leg, 90 degrees
T/F: Activation of the SA node occurs before the P wave and is not recorded on the EKG
True
What happens during the upslope of the P-wave?
stimulation of the right atrium and AV node
What happens during the downslope of the P-Wave?
stimulation of the left atrium
What happens to the heart during the entire P-wave?
Atrial depolarization and contraction
What is the upper limit of The P-wave height? Length?
Height: 2.5mm
Length: .11s
What leads is the P-wave NOT positive?
aVR, aVL, V1
What happens during the entire QRS complex? What is considered abnormal QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization and Atrial repolarization
Abnormal: >0.12s (>3 boxes)
What happens during the Q wave of the QRS complex?
depolarization of the interventricular septum
What happens during the R wave of the QRS complex?
Depolarization of the ventricles; always positive
What happens during the S wave during the QRS complex?
Depolarization of the ventricles
What happens during the entire T wave?
Ventricular repolarization
What is the upward slope of the T wave?
absolute refractory period (cells will not respond to stimuli)
What is the downward slope of the T wave?
Relative refractory period (cells will respond to stronger than normal stimulus?
What is the upper limit in height of the T wave in LIMB leads? Chest leads?
Limbs: 5mm
Chest: 10mm
What is the normal length for the P-R interval?
0.12-0.2s (3-5 boxes)
What does the Q-T interval represent?
Total ventricular activity from depolarization to repolarization
What finding represents Sinus Bradycardia?
<60bpm
What is considered mild sinus bradycardia?
50-59bpm, asymptomatic
What is considered marked sinus bradycardia?
35-45bpm, symptomatic
What finding represents Sinus Tachycardia?
100-180bpm
What is associated with Sinus arrhythmia?
changes in intrathoracic pressure
What happens in Sinus Arrest?
SA node fails to fire
What happens with Premature Junctional Contractions?
AV node fires before SA node
What happens with Premature Ventricular Contractions?
QRS complex is very wide (more than 0.12s).
Which segment of the EKG consists of activation of the AV node, Bundle of HIS, and purkinje fibers
P-R segment
Which segment is is the true isoelectric interval of the graph?
T-P segment
What is the condition if the S-T segment is elevated? Depressed?
Elevated: acute injury
Depressed: ischemia
