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Human Development > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of development as multidirectional

A

meaning that change occurs in every direction, with gains and losses, predictable growth, and unexpected transformations being apparent

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2
Q

Cross-Culture Studies:

A

Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures

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3
Q

Ethnicity:

A

Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

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4
Q

Socioeconomic Status:

A

Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

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5
Q

Gender:

A

Characteristics of people as males or females

Social Policy: National government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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6
Q

Age-graded influences

A

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

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7
Q

Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory

A

A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how cultural and social interaction guide cognitive development

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8
Q

Stability vs. Change

A

Debate about:
Whether we become older renditions of our early experience
Whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development

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9
Q

Zygotes

A

A single cell formed through fertilization

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10
Q

Baltes’ Theory of Natural Selection Effects in the Lifespan

A

Natural selection primarily operates during the first half of life

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11
Q

Phenotype vs. Genotype

A

Phenotype is observational, genotype is DNA

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12
Q

X-Linked Diseases as Related to Males

A

Men are more prone to X-linked diseases because they only have on X

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13
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes mental retardation

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14
Q

Characteristics of the 3 Stages of Prenatal Development

A

Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal

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15
Q

Germinal

A

Takes place in the first two weeks after conception
Blastocyst: Inner layer of cells
Trophoblast: Outer layer of cells

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16
Q

Embryonic

A

Occurs two to eight weeks after conception
Embryo - mass of cells
Three layer of cells - Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
Organogenesis: Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

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17
Q

Fetal

A

Two months after conception and birthing typical pregnancies (8+ weeks)

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18
Q

Endoderm

A

(innermost layer) will develop into digestive and respiratory systems

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19
Q

Mesoderm

A

(middle layer) will develop into the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

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20
Q

Ectoderm

A

(outermost layer) will develop into the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors (ear, nose, eyes, etc.), and skin parts (hair, nails, etc.)

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21
Q

Age of Viability

A

24-28 weeks

Youngest age when an infant can still live if born at that moment

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22
Q

Teratogens & Structural Defects

A

A teratogen is any agent that causes a birth defect.

The probability of a structural defect is greatest early in the embryonic period.

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23
Q

Risks of amniocentesis

A 
Fluid leakage
uterine cramping
vaginal spotting
chorioamnionitis
miscarriage
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24
Q

First stage of birth

A

Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute

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25
Q

The second stage of birth

A

begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal

26
Q

The third stage of birth

A

(afterbirth) When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled

27
Q

C-Section Indicators

A

Is usually performed when the baby is in the breech position (buttocks first)

28
Q

APGAR Scores and their Corresponding Indications

A

APGAR Scale: Assessing the health of newborn at one and five minutes after birth
Evaluates an infant’s heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and relax irritability

29
Q

Low Birth Weight Health Risks

A

Severe brain damage
Abnormal axon development and impaired cognitive development at the age of 9
More likely to develop learning disabilities, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, or breathing problems

30
Q

Cephalocaudal pattern

A

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top

31
Q

Proximodistal Principles of Growth

A

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

32
Q

Age at Which Infants tend to Double their Birth Weight

A

4 months

33
Q

Lateralization

A

Specialization of the function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other

34
Q

Myelination

A

The process by which the axon are wrapped up in fatty acids to send signals faster

35
Q

SIDS Risk Factors

A 
Occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night (dies without apparent cause)
Factors:
            -boy
            -sibling who died from SIDS
            -2-4 month age range
            -African-American
            -During winter season
36
Q

Grasping Reflex to Pincer Grip

A

Infants evolve from palmer grasp to pincer grip (thumb and forefinger) toward the end of the first year

37
Q

Infant Visual Preferences According to Fantz’s Research

A

Faces
Patterns (printed matter or bull’s eye)
High-contrast colors such as red
Low-contrast colors such as yellow or white

38
Q

Habituation

A

Getting use to a stimulus ; Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

39
Q

Schemes

A

Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
Behavioral scheme
Mental scheme

40
Q

Overextension

A

Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s meaning

41
Q

Underextension

A

Tendency to apply a word too narrowly

42
Q

First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions

A

First habit - only on infant’s body

Secondary Circular Reactions - Outside world

43
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory

A

He used his three children as his subjects

Underestimated childrens age groups

44
Q

ImplicitMemory

A

Implicit Memory: Without conscious recollection (motor-skilled based)
Memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically
Occurs in Cerebellum

45
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Conscious remembering of facts and experiences (language-based)
Occurs in Hippocampus
Childhood amnesia

46
Q

Object Permanence

A

Understanding that objects and events continue to exist:

When they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

47
Q

Brain Areas Involved in Explicit Memory Formation

A

From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible
Explicit memory continues to improve in the second year as these brain structures further mature and connections between them increase
Hippocampus

48
Q

Social Smiling

A

social signal that occurs as early as 2 months, infants smile can have a powerful impact on caregivers

49
Q

Reflexive smile:

A

Smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli

50
Q

Social smile:

A

In response to an external stimulus

51
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Fear and witness of strangers
The most frequent expression of an infant’s fear involves stranger anxiety, in which an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers
Usually emerges gradually
By age 9 months, the fear of strangers is often more intense
Infants show less of this when in familiar settings

52
Q

Easy Infant Temperament

A

have a positive disposition; their body

functions operate regularly and they are adaptable. 40%

53
Q

Difficult Infant Temperament

A

are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods
are generally negative, and they withdraw from new
situations, adapting slowly. 15%

54
Q

Slow-to-warm Infant Temperament

A

have negative moods and are slow to
adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new
situation, they tend to withdraw. 10%

55
Q

Kagan Theory of Infant Temperament

A

A lot of infant temperament is because of behavioral inhibitions

56
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

Match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
Can be an important aspect of a child’s adjustment

57
Q

Social Referencing

A

Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Increases in the second year of life

58
Q

Erikson: Behaviors that Foster Shame and Doubt

A

Over-protectiveness
Criticism
Hovering parenting

59
Q

Rouge Spot Test

A

Individuals younger than 18 months fail to make a connection between themselves and the person in the mirror
Those older than 18 months indicated self-awareness when noticing a red dot on their forehead

60
Q

Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

Try to be independent

61
Q

Strange Situation

A

Observational measure of infant attachment

62
Q

Attachment Styles

A

Close emotional bond between two people.

Human Development (11 decks)

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