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Human Development > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of development as multidirectional

A

meaning that change occurs in every direction, with gains and losses, predictable growth, and unexpected transformations being apparent

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2
Q

Cross-Culture Studies:

A

Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures

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3
Q

Ethnicity:

A

Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

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4
Q

Socioeconomic Status:

A

Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

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5
Q

Gender:

A

Characteristics of people as males or females

Social Policy: National government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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6
Q

Age-graded influences

A

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

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7
Q

Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory

A

A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how cultural and social interaction guide cognitive development

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8
Q

Stability vs. Change

A

Debate about:
Whether we become older renditions of our early experience
Whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development

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9
Q

Zygotes

A

A single cell formed through fertilization

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10
Q

Baltes’ Theory of Natural Selection Effects in the Lifespan

A

Natural selection primarily operates during the first half of life

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11
Q

Phenotype vs. Genotype

A

Phenotype is observational, genotype is DNA

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12
Q

X-Linked Diseases as Related to Males

A

Men are more prone to X-linked diseases because they only have on X

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13
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes mental retardation

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14
Q

Characteristics of the 3 Stages of Prenatal Development

A

Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal

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15
Q

Germinal

A

Takes place in the first two weeks after conception
Blastocyst: Inner layer of cells
Trophoblast: Outer layer of cells

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16
Q

Embryonic

A

Occurs two to eight weeks after conception
Embryo - mass of cells
Three layer of cells - Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
Organogenesis: Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

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17
Q

Fetal

A

Two months after conception and birthing typical pregnancies (8+ weeks)

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18
Q

Endoderm

A

(innermost layer) will develop into digestive and respiratory systems

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19
Q

Mesoderm

A

(middle layer) will develop into the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

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20
Q

Ectoderm

A

(outermost layer) will develop into the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors (ear, nose, eyes, etc.), and skin parts (hair, nails, etc.)

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21
Q

Age of Viability

A

24-28 weeks

Youngest age when an infant can still live if born at that moment

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22
Q

Teratogens & Structural Defects

A

A teratogen is any agent that causes a birth defect.

The probability of a structural defect is greatest early in the embryonic period.

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23
Q

Risks of amniocentesis

A 
Fluid leakage
uterine cramping
vaginal spotting
chorioamnionitis
miscarriage
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24
Q

First stage of birth

A

Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute

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25
The second stage of birth
begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal
26
The third stage of birth
(afterbirth) When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
27
C-Section Indicators
Is usually performed when the baby is in the breech position (buttocks first)
28
APGAR Scores and their Corresponding Indications
APGAR Scale: Assessing the health of newborn at one and five minutes after birth Evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and relax irritability
29
Low Birth Weight Health Risks
Severe brain damage Abnormal axon development and impaired cognitive development at the age of 9 More likely to develop learning disabilities, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, or breathing problems
30
Cephalocaudal pattern
The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top
31
Proximodistal Principles of Growth
The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
32
Age at Which Infants tend to Double their Birth Weight
4 months
33
Lateralization
Specialization of the function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
34
Myelination
The process by which the axon are wrapped up in fatty acids to send signals faster
35
SIDS Risk Factors
``` Occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night (dies without apparent cause) Factors: -boy -sibling who died from SIDS -2-4 month age range -African-American -During winter season ```
36
Grasping Reflex to Pincer Grip
Infants evolve from palmer grasp to pincer grip (thumb and forefinger) toward the end of the first year
37
Infant Visual Preferences According to Fantz’s Research
Faces Patterns (printed matter or bull's eye) High-contrast colors such as red Low-contrast colors such as yellow or white
38
Habituation
Getting use to a stimulus ; Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
39
Schemes
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge Behavioral scheme Mental scheme
40
Overextension
Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning
41
Underextension
Tendency to apply a word too narrowly
42
First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions
First habit - only on infant's body | Secondary Circular Reactions - Outside world
43
Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory
He used his three children as his subjects | Underestimated childrens age groups
44
ImplicitMemory
Implicit Memory: Without conscious recollection (motor-skilled based) Memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically Occurs in Cerebellum
45
Explicit Memory
Conscious remembering of facts and experiences (language-based) Occurs in Hippocampus Childhood amnesia
46
Object Permanence
Understanding that objects and events continue to exist: | When they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
47
Brain Areas Involved in Explicit Memory Formation
From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible Explicit memory continues to improve in the second year as these brain structures further mature and connections between them increase Hippocampus
48
Social Smiling
social signal that occurs as early as 2 months, infants smile can have a powerful impact on caregivers
49
Reflexive smile:
Smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli
50
Social smile:
In response to an external stimulus
51
Stranger anxiety
Fear and witness of strangers The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves stranger anxiety, in which an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers Usually emerges gradually By age 9 months, the fear of strangers is often more intense Infants show less of this when in familiar settings
52
Easy Infant Temperament
have a positive disposition; their body | functions operate regularly and they are adaptable. 40%
53
Difficult Infant Temperament
are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly. 15%
54
Slow-to-warm Infant Temperament
have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw. 10%
55
Kagan Theory of Infant Temperament
A lot of infant temperament is because of behavioral inhibitions
56
Goodness of Fit
Match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with Can be an important aspect of a child's adjustment
57
Social Referencing
Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation Increases in the second year of life
58
Erikson: Behaviors that Foster Shame and Doubt
Over-protectiveness Criticism Hovering parenting
59
Rouge Spot Test
Individuals younger than 18 months fail to make a connection between themselves and the person in the mirror Those older than 18 months indicated self-awareness when noticing a red dot on their forehead
60
Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Try to be independent
61
Strange Situation
Observational measure of infant attachment
62
Attachment Styles
Close emotional bond between two people.

Human Development (11 decks)

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