Exam 1 Flashcards
Transmission genetics
- very early concept (meiosis and mitosis)
- early theory of heredity transmission that states specific particles (gemmules) carry information from the body to reproductive organs which are passed to the embryo at conception
Molecular genetics
- replication
- how DNA is maintained … Zooming in
Population genetics
- look across an entire population and observe natural selection
- how population changes through time
Why are Model organisms important
- easy to grow and maintain in a lab, organisms used to study human diseases
Give an example of a model organism
- bacteria
Early theories of heredity
- domestication
- artificial fertilization (Assyrians)
- Hindu writings said they avoided spouses with undesirable traits
1) Pangenesis
2) acquired inheritance
3) preformation
4) blending
Pangenesis
- specific particles (gemmules) carry information from the body to reproductive organs which are passed to embryo at conception
- very early concept of hereditary transmission
- slide 18
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
- early theory of hereditary transmission
- Greeks proposed traits acquired in life incorporated into heredity info and passed on
Ex: an artist would pass his art skills that he acquired during life onto their offspring
Robert Hooke
- discovered the cell using a microscope
Preformationism
- early theory of hereditary transmission
- inside the egg or sperm is a tiny version of an adult (homunculus)
Blending inheritance
- early theory of hereditary transmission
- offspring are a blend of their parents
Schwann and Schleiden
- proposed the cell theory
- > stated that cells are the basic unit of all living things
- > cells arise from preexisting cells
The cell theory
- cells are the basic unit of all living things
- cells arise from preexisting cells
Charles Darwin
- theory of evolution through natural selection
- also wrote the origin of species
- > said that heredity was the fundamental unit of evolution
Origin of species
- heredity was the fundamental of evolution
Gregor Mendel
- discovered basic principles of heredity
- crossed pea plans and analyzed patterns of transmission
Walter Flemming
- first person to observe the division of chromosomes during mitosis
- discovered hereditary information was contained in the nucleus of a cell
August Weismann
- cut the tails off of 22 mice for 22 generations and the tail length of the descendants never changed .. This proved the acquired characteristic theory to be wrong
- purposed the germ plasm theory that said the cells of the reproductive system carry an already complete set of information to be passed down to the next generation
Germ plasm theory
- the cells of the reproductive system carry an already complete set of information
- slide 24
The three major groups of life
1) eubacteria- true bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells
- absent nucleus
- small
- one circular DNA molecule
- DNA is not complex
- absent organelles
- absent cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cell
- has a nucleus
- larger
- multiple linear DNA
- the DNA is complex
- there are membrane bound organelles
- the cytoskeleton is present
Animal vs Plant cell DNA material
Both
- nucleus*
- nuclear envelope*
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes
- mitochondria *
- membrane
Plant cell only
- vacuole
- chloroplast*
- cell wall
Are viruses living cells?
- no!
- they have genetic info, but can can only reproduce inside of a host cell