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Fundamental genetics > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In _____ one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype.

A
  • incomplete dominance
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2
Q

In _________

you see the trait in both sexes; however, there is a different in the expression

A
  • autosomal genes
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3
Q

In ________ genes on autosomal chromosomes that are more readily expressed in one sex

A
  • sex influenced characteristics
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4
Q

_____ is an example of a dominant lethal trait

A
  • Huntingtons Disease
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5
Q

X-linked recessive traits

A
  1. affected males do not pass to sons, can pass to daughter (as carrier)
  2. father passes Y to sons
  3. unaffected daughter can then pass to sons - appears more frequently in males (males only get one X chromosome so if mutated, the disease occurs)
  4. can only skip generations through females
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6
Q

The ________ is the range of phenotypes produced by a genotype in different environments

A
  • norm of reaction
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7
Q

In _________ it is the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype

A
  • pentrance
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8
Q

In a _____ we have a change so we can distinguish one allele from the other (can tell whether it came from mom or dad) no impact on phenotype but different allele

A
  • neutral mutation
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9
Q

Identification of alleles

A
  1. capital vs lowercase
  2. wild type vs mutant
  3. superscripts
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10
Q

An _____ one of two or more alternative forms of a gene

A
  • allele
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11
Q

An example of a sex influenced trait is _________

A
  • pattern baldness
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12
Q

In __________ genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype

A
  • incomplete dominance
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13
Q

In complementation is the mutation is in the _____ gene, no matter what still homozygous mutant for allele

A
  • same
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14
Q

______ is a genome modification that causes functional differences but does not change the nucleotide sequence

A
  • epigenesis
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15
Q

A human example of genomic imprinting is ________

A
  • prader-willi syndrome/angelman syndrome
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16
Q

Y linked traits

A
  1. only appear in males
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17
Q

if it is _______ one copy will cause death

A
  • dominant lethal
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18
Q

In _______ phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes

A
  • incomplete dominance
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19
Q

x-linked dominant traits

A
  1. do not skip generations
  2. affected males pass to all daughters, none of sons
  3. heterozygote females pass the trait to hold of their sons and half of their daughters
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20
Q

In cytoplasmic inheritance affected females pass it to ______

A
  • all children male and female
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21
Q

_______ is one gene that impacts several aspects of the overall phenotype

A
  • pleiotropy
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22
Q

Genes that are in the cytoplasm include

A
  1. chloroplasts

2. mitochondria

23
Q

What can cause variable penetrance or expressivity ?

A
  1. temperature effect
  2. nutritional effect
  3. imprinting
24
Q

_______ are determined by autosomal genes, but expressed differently in males and females

A
  • sex influenced characteristics
25
Q

An example of a temperature sensitive allele is ______

A
  • himalayan rabbits

- they produce dark fur at extremities only when reared at 25*C or less

26
Q

In ________ autosomal genes whose expression is limited to one sex

A
  • sex limited characteristic
27
Q

In _______ genes located on the sex chromosome

A
  • sex linked characteristics
28
Q

In ______ nuclear genotype of the maternal parent

A
  • genetic maternal effect
29
Q

Ratio of ________ is 3:1

A
  • complete dominance
30
Q

In a ______ there is no gene function

A
  • null allele
31
Q

In ______ the phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes

A
  • dominance
32
Q

______ is recessive

A
  • lethality
33
Q

_______ first explained sex-linked inheritance

found some traits were associated with one sex or the other

A
  • Thomas Hunt Morgan
34
Q

______ masks the hypostatic gene

A
  • Epistasis
35
Q

sex-limited characteristics are

determined by _______, but expressed _____ in one sex (_____ penetrance in other sex)

A
  • autosomal genes
  • only
  • zero
36
Q

_________ consists of cell division, replication of mitochondria, cell division, replication of mitochondria

A
  • cytoplasmic inheritance
37
Q

In _______ genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent

A
  • genomic imprinting
38
Q

In a ______ there is a gain of a new function at specific times or all the time

A
  • gain of function mutation
39
Q

A _________ inherits nuclear genes from both parents, but all (most) cytoplasmic genes come from mother

A
  • zygote
40
Q

In ________ it occurs with autosomal genes - males and females contribute equal number of genes - but expression is affected by parental origin

A
  • genomic imprinting
41
Q

In ________ cytoplasmic genes, which are usually inherited entirely from only one parent

A
  • cytoplasmic inheritance
42
Q

The _______ gene is the hidden gene

A
  • hypostatic gene
43
Q

If 45/50 people exhibit the trait it will have a penetrance of ____ and an incomplete penetrance of _____

A
  • 90%

- 10%

44
Q

_____ can be used to determine if mutations are in the same or different loci

A
  • complementation
45
Q

In ______ two alleles give 3 possible geno and phenotypes (X * Y = XX, YY, XY). Phenotype is neither dominant or recessive.

A
  • codominance
46
Q

In cytoplasmic inheritance affected males pass it to ______

A
  • no one

- males do not pass the trait to children

47
Q

In _______ phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes

A
  • codominance
48
Q

In _______ it is the degree to which a character is expressed, ex: how dark

A
  • expressivity
49
Q

Genetic Maternal Effect

A
  • the PHENOTYPE is determined by the GENOTYPE of the mother
50
Q

If imprinting is not affecting a gene ____ modifications can be the cause

A
  • epigenetic
51
Q

______ can be many different alleles for one gene in the general population

A
  • multiple alleles
52
Q

In a ________ you have a reduced amount or productivity of a gene

A
  • loss of function mutation
53
Q

In complementation is the mutation is in the _____ gene, it will get a wt allele for each gene so it will have a wt phenotype

A
  • different
54
Q

In genomic imprinting genes are somehow marked during ________ or early in the ______

A
  • gamete formation

- embryo

Fundamental genetics (15 decks)

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