Chapter 4 Flashcards
In _____ one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype.
- incomplete dominance
In _________
you see the trait in both sexes; however, there is a different in the expression
- autosomal genes
In ________ genes on autosomal chromosomes that are more readily expressed in one sex
- sex influenced characteristics
_____ is an example of a dominant lethal trait
- Huntingtons Disease
X-linked recessive traits
- affected males do not pass to sons, can pass to daughter (as carrier)
- father passes Y to sons
- unaffected daughter can then pass to sons - appears more frequently in males (males only get one X chromosome so if mutated, the disease occurs)
- can only skip generations through females
The ________ is the range of phenotypes produced by a genotype in different environments
- norm of reaction
In _________ it is the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype
- pentrance
In a _____ we have a change so we can distinguish one allele from the other (can tell whether it came from mom or dad) no impact on phenotype but different allele
- neutral mutation
Identification of alleles
- capital vs lowercase
- wild type vs mutant
- superscripts
An _____ one of two or more alternative forms of a gene
- allele
An example of a sex influenced trait is _________
- pattern baldness
In __________ genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype
- incomplete dominance
In complementation is the mutation is in the _____ gene, no matter what still homozygous mutant for allele
- same
______ is a genome modification that causes functional differences but does not change the nucleotide sequence
- epigenesis
A human example of genomic imprinting is ________
- prader-willi syndrome/angelman syndrome
Y linked traits
- only appear in males
if it is _______ one copy will cause death
- dominant lethal
In _______ phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
- incomplete dominance
x-linked dominant traits
- do not skip generations
- affected males pass to all daughters, none of sons
- heterozygote females pass the trait to hold of their sons and half of their daughters
In cytoplasmic inheritance affected females pass it to ______
- all children male and female
_______ is one gene that impacts several aspects of the overall phenotype
- pleiotropy
Genes that are in the cytoplasm include
- chloroplasts
2. mitochondria
What can cause variable penetrance or expressivity ?
- temperature effect
- nutritional effect
- imprinting
_______ are determined by autosomal genes, but expressed differently in males and females
- sex influenced characteristics
An example of a temperature sensitive allele is ______
- himalayan rabbits
- they produce dark fur at extremities only when reared at 25*C or less
In ________ autosomal genes whose expression is limited to one sex
- sex limited characteristic
In _______ genes located on the sex chromosome
- sex linked characteristics
In ______ nuclear genotype of the maternal parent
- genetic maternal effect
Ratio of ________ is 3:1
- complete dominance
In a ______ there is no gene function
- null allele
In ______ the phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes
- dominance
______ is recessive
- lethality
_______ first explained sex-linked inheritance
found some traits were associated with one sex or the other
- Thomas Hunt Morgan
______ masks the hypostatic gene
- Epistasis
sex-limited characteristics are
determined by _______, but expressed _____ in one sex (_____ penetrance in other sex)
- autosomal genes
- only
- zero
_________ consists of cell division, replication of mitochondria, cell division, replication of mitochondria
- cytoplasmic inheritance
In _______ genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent
- genomic imprinting
In a ______ there is a gain of a new function at specific times or all the time
- gain of function mutation
A _________ inherits nuclear genes from both parents, but all (most) cytoplasmic genes come from mother
- zygote
In ________ it occurs with autosomal genes - males and females contribute equal number of genes - but expression is affected by parental origin
- genomic imprinting
In ________ cytoplasmic genes, which are usually inherited entirely from only one parent
- cytoplasmic inheritance
The _______ gene is the hidden gene
- hypostatic gene
If 45/50 people exhibit the trait it will have a penetrance of ____ and an incomplete penetrance of _____
- 90%
- 10%
_____ can be used to determine if mutations are in the same or different loci
- complementation
In ______ two alleles give 3 possible geno and phenotypes (X * Y = XX, YY, XY). Phenotype is neither dominant or recessive.
- codominance
In cytoplasmic inheritance affected males pass it to ______
- no one
- males do not pass the trait to children
In _______ phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes
- codominance
In _______ it is the degree to which a character is expressed, ex: how dark
- expressivity
Genetic Maternal Effect
- the PHENOTYPE is determined by the GENOTYPE of the mother
If imprinting is not affecting a gene ____ modifications can be the cause
- epigenetic
______ can be many different alleles for one gene in the general population
- multiple alleles
In a ________ you have a reduced amount or productivity of a gene
- loss of function mutation
In complementation is the mutation is in the _____ gene, it will get a wt allele for each gene so it will have a wt phenotype
- different
In genomic imprinting genes are somehow marked during ________ or early in the ______
- gamete formation
- embryo
